﻿{"id":402,"date":"2024-11-20T07:51:26","date_gmt":"2024-11-20T07:51:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/?p=402"},"modified":"2024-11-15T14:56:11","modified_gmt":"2024-11-15T14:56:11","slug":"digital-activism-who-is-behind-it-and-who-does-it-actually-benefit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/2024\/11\/20\/digital-activism-who-is-behind-it-and-who-does-it-actually-benefit\/","title":{"rendered":"Digital Activism \u2014Who is behind it and who does it actually benefit?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"attachment_432\" style=\"width: 332px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-432\" class=\"wp-image-432\" src=\"http:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2024\/11\/20945092-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"322\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2024\/11\/20945092-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2024\/11\/20945092-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2024\/11\/20945092-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2024\/11\/20945092-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2024\/11\/20945092-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2024\/11\/20945092-2048x2048.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2024\/11\/20945092-350x350.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 322px) 100vw, 322px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-432\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.freepik.com\/free-vector\/online-activism-abstract-concept-vector-illustration-internet-activism-digital-communication-social-media-posting-information-delivery-target-audience-hashtag-marketing-abstract-metaphor_11668192.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=2&amp;position=30&amp;uuid=bedc47de-8162-41fc-a098-9ca97bab838a\">Freepik<\/a>.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In my first <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/2024\/10\/23\/digital-technologies-and-social-mobilisation\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">post<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, I looked into the evolution of the internet and its impact on social movements and digital activities. I focused on two key concepts: affordance and affordability. Today, I am going to expand on that by looking at different research that examines how these inequalities manifest and who is positively and negatively impacted by them.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>Affordability and Access<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As I previously mentioned, differences in <\/span><b>affordability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> refer to differences in purchasing power. This means that wealthier people might be able to afford the latest, most expensive and most efficient technology, while others cannot. This disparity also affects digital activism, where costs are higher for lower-income groups (Schradie 2019: 17).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But in the context of the digital activism gap, class is not just about buying the latest iPhone. Access to education and skills are also crucial. In her book <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Revolution that Wasn\u2019t: How Digital Activism Favors Conservatives<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Schradie (2019: 30) notes that \u2018all of the working-class groups lacked a dedicated person, either staff or volunteer, who knew how to maintain and update their online presence.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>Digital organisations \u2013an obsolete entity?<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another of Schradie\u2019s findings (2019: 18) is that the success of digital activism depends on the strength of organisations. After analysing several working-class organisations in the US, the groups that ranked highest on the digital activism index were effective because they operated within a well-structured organisation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Her findings align with Pierri\u2019s (2022: 2-7), who examined <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a digital campaigning organisation associated with the OPEN Movement in Europe. The author finds that, far from being obsolete, digital campaigning organisations have grown more professional over time and have become important mediators between activists and formal political institutions. The current landscape is crowded and very competitive, which means that organisations with greater resources tend to thrive. In contrast, smaller, less formal groups often struggle and may need to merge with larger entities to stay afloat.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The significance of organisation and hierarchy challenges the common and academic view that the internet inherently democratises society. Access to investment, resources, and money remains unequal, meaning that not everyone can fully benefit from the opportunities the digital world offers (Schradie 2019: 19).<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>The Question of Affordances\u00a0<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">During her ethnographic research, Pierri (2022: 12\u201313, 18) found that <\/span><b>affordances<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> play a key role in the internal dynamics of digital campaigning organisations. Tensions arose between Campaign and Tech Teams, with campaigners feeling restricted by data-driven decisions and a lack of tailored solutions. The Tech Team\u2019s focus on data was seen as limiting the campaign&#8217;s flexibility. Additionally, while women are well-represented in staff and leadership, they are notably underrepresented in technical roles, highlighting a gender gap in tech positions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But another important, yet often overlooked, aspect of digital affordances is the accessibility of the internet for people with disabilities. To them, the Internet is inherently unfriendly.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> People with visual impairments might face issues like incompatible screen readers and missing image descriptions. Mobility-impaired individuals may face challenges with small buttons and non-responsive designs. Individuals with hearing impairments are affected by the lack of text alternatives for audio content.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Cognitive and learning disabilities are exacerbated by poor site design, while flashing elements can trigger seizures for those with epilepsy (Jaeger 2012: 2).<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>Beyond affordances and affordability: Providing safe spaces<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Something that might not often be considered when discussing access to digital activism is\u00a0 how physical spaces might be the only safe spaces for some communities (Schradie 2019: 46\u201347). Besides fears of hacking, phishing and security breaches, the internet can be an incredibly hostile space for women,\u00a0 people of colour, LGBT+ people, or people with disabilities, among other minorities. It might discourage them from participating in the digital space, sharing their thoughts, ideas and experiences.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oftentimes, social media community rules are set by a small group and may not fully address users\u2019 safety needs. Furthermore, these rules can shift when circumstances change. For instance, when Elon Musk bought Twitter <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/10\/27\/technology\/elon-musk-twitter-deal-complete.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">for $44 billion<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on April 14, 2022. This acquisition not only came with a complete rebranding\u2014the platform is now called \u2018X\u2019\u2014, but with <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2022\/dec\/12\/twitter-safety-council-dissolved-before-meeting\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the dissolution of its Trust and Safety Council<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This advisory body, established by the company in 2016, was composed of 100 independent organisations focused on civil and human rights and other social issues to address hate speech, child exploitation, suicide, self-harm, and other potentially harmful content on the platform. Musk\u2019s controversial <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/antoniopequenoiv\/2024\/10\/17\/x-will-soon-let-users-see-tweets-from-people-who-block-them-the-controversial-change-explained\/#:~:text=Musk%20has%20stopped%20short%20of,receiving%20further%20criticism%20from%20users.\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">update to the block feature<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, allowing blocked users to view posts from those who blocked them, is presented as increasing transparency but may leave some users feeling more vulnerable to harassment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>So, who is currently benefiting from digital activism and an active digital presence?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Schradie (2019:\u00a0 28\u201329) found that working-class organisations faced important challenges with digital activism. Their overall online engagement was two to three times lower than that of <\/span><b>middle- and upper-class groups<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Even when these working-class groups managed to establish an online presence, their community interaction\u2014measured through likes, comments, retweets, and followers\u2014remained limited.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The digitisation of news, along with a growing conservative media ecosystem of right-wing outlets (see Dori\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/2024\/11\/04\/ahead-of-the-us-elections-fake-news-and-its-impact\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">post<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for a different take on this issue) favours conservative activists (Schradie 2019: 20-21). In her analysis, Schradie (2019: 146\u2013147) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">found<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that <\/span><b>right-wing groups<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> consistently outperform their left-wing counterparts in digital activism. Conservative groups were more hierarchical in their decision-making, more active online, and had more sophisticated websites that were updated more frequently and a stronger presence on platforms like Twitter. They not only had higher engagement, but also a larger share of social media activity overall.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Men, able-bodied, and neurotypical individuals typically face fewer barriers to digital access, allowing them to engage in online spaces more easily. In contrast, women, people with disabilities, people of colour (PoC) and LGBT+ communities encounter additional challenges, including harassment and discrimination. To this, it is important to add that the design of the internet is not always inclusive. Inaccessible websites, incompatible screen readers, and poor navigation create significant obstacles for people with disabilities. All these barriers can limit or discourage their participation in digital activism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">References:\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jaeger, T. P. (2012) <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Disability and the Internet: Confronting a Digital Divide<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pierri, P. (2022) \u2018Who Can Still Afford to Do Digital Activism? Exploring the material conditions of online mobilisation\u2019 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Weizenbaum Journal of the Digital Society<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 2, (2) 1\u201323.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Schradie, J. (2019) <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Revolution That Wasn\u2019t: How Digital Activism Favors Conservatives<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/10\/27\/technology\/elon-musk-twitter-deal-complete.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/10\/27\/technology\/elon-musk-twitter-deal-complete.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2022\/dec\/12\/twitter-safety-council-dissolved-before-meeting\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2022\/dec\/12\/twitter-safety-council-dissolved-before-meeting<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/antoniopequenoiv\/2024\/10\/17\/x-will-soon-let-users-see-tweets-from-people-who-block-them-the-controversial-change-explained\/#:~:text=Musk%20has%20stopped%20short%20of,receiving%20further%20criticism%20from%20users\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/antoniopequenoiv\/2024\/10\/17\/x-will-soon-let-users-see-tweets-from-people-who-block-them-the-controversial-change-explained\/#:~:text=Musk%20has%20stopped%20short%20of,receiving%20further%20criticism%20from%20users<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In my first post, I looked into the evolution of the internet and its impact on social movements and digital activities. I focused on two key concepts: affordance and affordability. Today, I am going to expand on that by looking at different research that examines how these inequalities manifest and&#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/2024\/11\/20\/digital-activism-who-is-behind-it-and-who-does-it-actually-benefit\/\">Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":733,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-image","hentry","category-ida","post_format-post-format-image"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\r\n<title>Digital Activism \u2014Who is behind it and who does it actually benefit? - IDA<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/msm24group4\/2024\/11\/20\/digital-activism-who-is-behind-it-and-who-does-it-actually-benefit\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Digital Activism \u2014Who is behind it and who does it actually benefit? - IDA\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In my first post, I looked into the evolution of the internet and its impact on social movements and digital activities. 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