By: Miriam
Language is more than just a tool for communication; it is a powerful force that shapes how we see the world, think, and feel. It molds our identity, influences our perceptions, and frames our understanding of concepts like success, failure, and justice. In the context of development, the words we choose can either reinforce colonial hierarchies or challenge them, opening the door to more equitable ways of thinking.
In many former colonies, including Mozambique, the official language remains that of the colonizer. Portuguese, a language imposed during centuries of colonial rule, continues to serve as the administrative and educational standard in Mozambique. While it connects the country globally, it also signifies the ongoing dominance of a colonial legacy that many Mozambicans feel disconnected from. This linguistic dominance perpetuates the exclusion of those who speak indigenous languages, reinforcing power structures that privilege those who are fluent in Portuguese.
The Power of Language to Define
Language shapes ownership. The ability to name and define one’s world gives individuals and communities agency. In many post-colonial societies, people have inherited languages that were imposed upon them. These languages were often used as instruments of control—tools that erased indigenous languages, cultures, and ways of knowing. As a result, colonized people are often left without the agency to create words that reflect their realities or cultural nuances. This dynamic is not limited to personal identities but extends to the development sphere as well.
As Melber et al pointed out in Challenging Global Development Towards Decoloniality and Justice, “the definitions and framings of development often remain ‘Western property,’ even when presented in a different guise” (Melber, Kothari, Camfield and Biekart, 2022, pg 10). In global development discussions, terms like “aid” are frequently used to describe the flow of resources from the Global North to the Global South. However, “aid” carries connotations of charity, implying that wealthier nations are generously helping those in need. This framing overlooks a critical historical context: the wealth of the Global North was built on the exploitation of the Global South. Thus, the language of development continues to reflect colonial structures, reinforcing unequal power dynamics.
Reframing Aid as Reparations
Imagine if we replaced the word “aid” with “reparations.” This seemingly simple shift changes the entire narrative. Reparations recognize the historical wrongs inflicted through colonization, slavery, and exploitation. Rather than viewing development assistance as charity, it reframes it as a moral obligation—a necessary step toward redressing centuries of resource extraction and wealth transfer from South to North. As Challenging Global Development Towards Decoloniality and Justice, to address contemporary global inequalities, we need new tools to counter these deep injustices (Melber et al, 2022, pg 10).
Using the term “reparations” acknowledges the historical debt owed to the Global South. This shift in language is revolutionary because it changes the power dynamic from one of benefactor and beneficiary to one of equal partners working toward justice. By reframing development in terms of reparations, we shift away from the paternalistic idea of charity and move toward recognizing the Global South’s right to compensation for historical exploitation.
Mozambique: A Case in Point
In Mozambique, Portuguese is the official language, but for many, it is not the language of their homes or hearts. The use of Portuguese in government, law, and education alienates those who speak indigenous languages, further embedding the power structures of colonialism and limiting access to essential services. This linguistic alienation mirrors the broader alienation in the development sector, where the language of “aid” is often detached from local realities, reinforcing a top-down approach rather than fostering genuine collaboration. In University Work Experiences in International Development the author notes, it is vital to move away from “expert saviorism rooted in colonial legacies” and towards projects that emphasize “global solidarity and justice” (Schwittay, A, 2024,pg1).
Southern leadership in development is about more than just funding or decision-making; it’s about owning the narrative, including the power to choose the words that define relationships. Words like “aid” must be challenged and replaced with terms like “reparations” that resonate with the experiences of those who have been on the receiving end of centuries of exploitation.
Dismantling Linguistic Colonialism
To truly decolonize development, we must go beyond changing policies and funding mechanisms; we must also challenge the language that perpetuates inequality. By allowing Southern nations the power to define their own experiences and strategies—whether through replacing “aid” with “reparations” or choosing new terms that better reflect local realities—we begin to dismantle the invisible structures of colonialism that persist today. Addressing these issues requires us to “move beyond perceptions of the world as ‘them and us,’ as ‘developed and undeveloped,’ as ‘North and South’” (Melber et al, 2022).
This process is not easy. Institutions in the Global North may resist changing the language and the power it holds. However, it is essential for fostering genuine partnerships and creating space for Southern leadership and ownership in development.
Language has the power to transform, and in the context of development, it can be the key to unlocking a more equitable future. By reclaiming the words we use to define success, progress, and justice, we allow people to shape their futures and tell their stories on their own terms.
Descolonizar o Desenvolvimento: O Poder da Linguagem na Formação do Nosso Futuro**
A linguagem é mais do que uma ferramenta de comunicação; é uma força poderosa que molda a forma como vemos o mundo, pensamos e sentimos. Ela molda a nossa identidade, influencia as nossas perceções e define a nossa compreensão de conceitos como sucesso, fracasso e justiça. No contexto do desenvolvimento, as palavras que escolhemos podem reforçar hierarquias coloniais ou desafiá-las, abrindo caminho para formas de pensar mais equitativas.
Em muitas ex-colónias, incluindo Moçambique, a língua oficial continua a ser a do colonizador. O português, uma língua imposta durante séculos de domínio colonial, continua a servir como a norma administrativa e educacional em Moçambique. Embora conecte o país globalmente, também simboliza a continuidade de um legado colonial com o qual muitos moçambicanos se sentem desligados. Este domínio linguístico perpetua a exclusão daqueles que falam línguas indígenas, reforçando estruturas de poder que privilegiam os fluentes em português.
O Poder da Linguagem para Definir
A linguagem molda a apropriação. A capacidade de nomear e definir o mundo confere agência a indivíduos e comunidades. Em muitas sociedades pós-coloniais, as pessoas herdaram línguas que lhes foram impostas. Estas línguas foram frequentemente usadas como instrumentos de controlo – ferramentas que apagaram as línguas, culturas e formas de saber indígenas. Como resultado, os povos colonizados ficam muitas vezes sem a capacidade de criar palavras que reflitam as suas realidades ou nuances culturais. Esta dinâmica não se limita às identidades pessoais, mas também se estende à esfera do desenvolvimento.
Como Melber e outros apontaram em Challenging Global Development Towards Decoloniality and Justice, “as definições e formulações do desenvolvimento muitas vezes permanecem ‘propriedade ocidental’, mesmo quando apresentadas sob uma nova roupagem”. Nos debates sobre desenvolvimento global, termos como “ajuda” são frequentemente usados para descrever o fluxo de recursos do Norte Global para o Sul Global. No entanto, “ajuda” carrega conotações de caridade, implicando que as nações mais ricas estão generosamente a ajudar aquelas que estão em necessidade. Esta formulação ignora um contexto histórico crucial: a riqueza do Norte Global foi construída com base na exploração do Sul Global. Assim, a linguagem do desenvolvimento continua a refletir estruturas coloniais, reforçando dinâmicas de poder desiguais.
Redefinir a Ajuda como Reparações
Imagine se substituíssemos a palavra “ajuda” por “reparações”. Esta mudança aparentemente simples altera toda a narrativa. As reparações reconhecem os erros históricos infligidos através da colonização, escravatura e exploração. Em vez de ver a assistência ao desenvolvimento como caridade, ela passa a ser vista como uma obrigação moral – um passo necessário para corrigir séculos de extração de recursos e transferência de riqueza do Sul para o Norte. Como Challenging Global Development Towards Decoloniality and Justice sublinha, para enfrentar as desigualdades globais contemporâneas, precisamos de novas ferramentas para contrariar estas profundas injustiças.
O uso do termo “reparações” reconhece a dívida histórica para com o Sul Global. Esta mudança de linguagem é revolucionária porque altera a dinâmica de poder, passando de uma relação entre benfeitor e beneficiário para uma de parceiros iguais a trabalhar pela justiça. Ao redefinir o desenvolvimento em termos de reparações, afastamo-nos da ideia paternalista de caridade e movemo-nos em direção ao reconhecimento do direito do Sul Global à compensação pela exploração histórica.
Moçambique: Um Exemplo Claro
Em Moçambique, o português é a língua oficial, mas para muitos não é a língua das suas casas ou corações. O uso do português no governo, no sistema judicial e na educação aliena aqueles que falam línguas indígenas, reforçando as estruturas de poder do colonialismo e limitando o acesso a serviços essenciais. Esta alienação linguística reflete uma alienação mais ampla no setor do desenvolvimento, onde a linguagem da “ajuda” está muitas vezes desligada das realidades locais, reforçando uma abordagem de cima para baixo em vez de promover uma colaboração genuína. No estudo *University Work Experiences in International Development*, a autora sublinha que é vital afastar-se do “salvacionismo de peritos enraizado em legados coloniais” e avançar para projetos que enfatizem a “solidariedade e justiça globais”.
A liderança do Sul no desenvolvimento vai além do simples financiamento ou tomada de decisões; trata-se de apropriar-se da narrativa, incluindo o poder de escolher as palavras que definem as relações. Palavras como “ajuda” devem ser desafiadas e substituídas por termos como “reparações”, que ressoem com as experiências daqueles que têm sido recipientes de séculos de exploração.
Desmantelar o Colonialismo Linguístico
Para descolonizar verdadeiramente o desenvolvimento, devemos ir além da mudança de políticas e mecanismos de financiamento; também devemos desafiar a linguagem que perpetua a desigualdade. Ao dar aos países do Sul o poder de definir as suas próprias experiências e estratégias – seja através da substituição de “ajuda” por “reparações” ou da escolha de novos termos que melhor reflitam as realidades locais – começamos a desmantelar as estruturas invisíveis do colonialismo que ainda hoje persistem. Abordar estas questões exige que “superemos as perceções do mundo como ‘nós e eles’, como ‘desenvolvidos e subdesenvolvidos’, como ‘Norte e Sul’”.
Este processo não é fácil. As instituições do Norte Global podem resistir à mudança da linguagem e do poder que ela comporta. No entanto, é essencial para fomentar parcerias genuínas e criar espaço para a liderança e apropriação do Sul no desenvolvimento.
A linguagem tem o poder de transformar, e no contexto do desenvolvimento, pode ser a chave para desbloquear um futuro mais equitativo. Ao reivindicar as palavras que usamos para definir sucesso, progresso e justiça, permitimos que as pessoas moldem os seus futuros e contem as suas histórias nos seus próprios termos.
Thank you for an insightful blog, Miriam! Your blog resonates with my perspectives on decolonizing language. However, I’d like to share an alternative viewpoint on colonial languages that have evolved uniquely in many post-colonial societies, even where they remain official. Over time, native speakers have transformed these languages, creating new forms of the original spoken languages such as Mozambican Portuguese, Indian English, etc., reflecting local identities. These adapted languages, though rooted in colonial history, have grown distinct and can be considered part of a dynamic cultural identity. By recognizing and redefining any lingering colonial influences, these languages can become even more inclusive. “This capacity to adjust global influences to local needs disrupts the simple equation of globalization and Westernization, the idea that globalization is a simple top-down homogenizing pressure (Ashcroft, 2013)”, thus colonial language could serve as a unifying medium in countries encompassing diverse cultures, bringing communities together while respecting and reflecting local diversity.
Ashcroft, B. (2013). Post-colonial transformation. Routledge.
P.S. I am really enjoying your blog page especially the efforts you all put into sharing each post in your native language as well. It adds such a personal touch and truly displays your passion.
Best regards,
Pree(MSM24group5)
Hi Pree!
Thank you for your insightful considerations. I agree that language, in the post colonial era, was a tool to unite. Bridge through cultures, ethnic identities etc. after independence in Mozambique, the then president Samora Machel chose Portuguese as the official language for that very reason. His philosophy was “kill the tribe to birth the nation” in other words, the goal was to leave behind ethic/tribal divisions and unite towards a common goal. I do not take the merit away from this, it was needed and necessary at the time! It was a beautiful dream, but it fell short. Today, in Mozambique, there are still many that do not speak Portuguese, and thus are unable to effectively engage in governance processes.. simple things like getting documentation become difficult. It is an absolute pleasure to hear your thoughts, and to share a little more with you!
We are glad that you are enjoying our blog!
Best
MS
Hi Miriam, I loved your blog post, and it resonated with me so much. In our blog group, we are discussing the future of development, and there is so much about how language shapes this field. In her essay “Buzzwords and Fuzzwords” Andrea Cornwall discusses how terms (or buzzwords) within development, such as participation, sustainability, empowerment, de-colonialism and poverty reduction can be used as “a Langue de bois…. used to shelter multiple agendas…[and] provid[e] room for manoeuvre and space for contestation…buzzwords…cloud meanings; they combine performative qualities with ‘an absence of real definition and a strong belief in what the notion is supposed to bring about” (Cornwall, A., 2007 ) This is to allow for interpretation, which when securing endorsements for policies or finances for programmes is an absolute necessary. It is important to be aware of this appropriation. In the podcast, The Development Hub episode #35, Jessica Oddy from the Design for Social Impact Lab discusses this in regards to de-colonialism, “what we’ve seen in academia…and the nonprofit sector, particularly International Development over the past couple of years is the co-option of this term…instead of saying…[we’re] doing participatory research they will say we’re doing de-colonial informed research…and for me I think we can do a real disservice to that term when we use it in such a way” (Oddy, J., 2024). I also fully support the idea of Reparations instead of Aid, as long as the switch doesn’t just shift in terms of what we call it but also in what we are doing.
Thanks for a great post!
/Gina Geoghegan
References
Cornwall, A., (2007) Buzzwords and Fuzzwords: Deconstructing Development Discourse, Development in Practice, Taylor & Francis Ltd on behalf of Oxfam GB, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25548244
The Development Hub. (2024, May). Episode 35: Co-design, Care and Solidarity in Social Impact Research Projects [Audio podcast episode]. DevHub Podcast. https://devhubuk.org/podcast/
Hi Gina,
Thanks for your comment, and I completely agree with what you have said. In my line of work, the term that annoys me the most is “capacity building” like what exactly does that mean? To me it sounds like there are people with zero skills/knowledge that need “building”. Does that mean the the skills/knowledge/experiences of these people are not valid? Or who defines what “capacity” is?