{"id":74,"date":"2020-09-23T01:57:09","date_gmt":"2020-09-23T01:57:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/?p=74"},"modified":"2024-04-19T09:17:11","modified_gmt":"2024-04-19T09:17:11","slug":"can-corporate-projects-ever-be-neutral","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/2020\/09\/23\/can-corporate-projects-ever-be-neutral\/","title":{"rendered":"Can corporate projects ever be \u2018neutral\u2019?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\r\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><em>A look at Facebook\u2019s Internet.org<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Estimated reading time: 3 minutes, 36 seconds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"545\" src=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/mark-zuckerberg-edited-e1600825215884-1024x545.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Zuckerberg gives a presentation in front of Facebook logo\" class=\"wp-image-81\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/mark-zuckerberg-edited-e1600825215884-1024x545.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/mark-zuckerberg-edited-e1600825215884-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/mark-zuckerberg-edited-e1600825215884-768x409.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/mark-zuckerberg-edited-e1600825215884-1536x818.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/mark-zuckerberg-edited-e1600825215884-430x229.jpg 430w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/mark-zuckerberg-edited-e1600825215884.jpg 2046w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Mark Zuckerberg at a conference in 2018. Photo: Anthony Quintano. <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">See licence details.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2013, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg announced a new project, in partnership with six companies, that aimed to increase access to the internet in the developing world. It was called <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/info.internet.org\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\">Internet.org<\/a>. The project was two-fold: Firstly, for people who were in range of internet services but couldn\u2019t afford to be online, Internet.org would provide an app (named <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/connectivity.fb.com\/free-basics\/\" target=\"_blank\">Free Basics<\/a>) through which they could browse a number of \u2018sites\u2019 for free. Secondly, for those who were out of range of internet services, it would invest in technology that could provide connectivity in those areas, such as drones and lasers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A \u2018humanitarian\u2019 project<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Every one of us. #ConnectTheWorld\" width=\"731\" height=\"411\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/NdWaZkvAJfM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Internet.org promotional video at the time of the project&#8217;s launch.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Internet.org was presented as a humanitarian project; as Jessi Hempel points out in his <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/what-happened-to-facebooks-grand-plan-to-wire-the-world\/\" target=\"_blank\">article about Internet.org for <em>Wired<\/em><\/a>, its name ends in \u2018dot org\u2019, which is usually associated with non-profit organisations. Zuckerberg proclaimed that connectivity should be a human right. The idea was that getting more people online would improve their lives and give them more opportunities. But it\u2019s debatable whether this vision of economic development sparked by digital access actually makes people less poor.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The project faced criticism right from the beginning, for violating net neutrality and discriminating against companies not on the app, in favour of Facebook. At one point, 67 human rights groups signed an open letter to Zuckerberg accusing Facebook of building a \u2018walled garden\u2019. Regulators later banned the Free Basics app in India for reasons of net neutrality. So when it comes to data justice, can companies like Facebook ever be neutral?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is some internet always better than no internet?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It could be argued that Facebook was in a unique position to take on such a project, having the resources, the know-how and the global reach. Facebook has teams of engineers working in its Connectivity Hub. So why shouldn\u2019t it use its position to increase connectivity for the world\u2019s population? After all, surely some internet is better than no internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But some internet may not be better, if it is manipulated. Linnet Taylor\u2019s three pillars of data justice stipulate \u2018autonomy in technology choices\u2019 as a requirement. By sending people through Facebook to access a small number of paired-down sites, vetted by Facebook and including Facebook, Internet.org is taking away this autonomy. Unlike the real internet, which has millions of sites, Free Basics is not unfiltered. Neither is it really free, as Facebook gains valuable data from its users. The company has also claimed that certain actions, such as a payments experiment within Messenger and the acquisition of messaging service Whatsapp, were a way to increase global connectivity. All of these have clear benefits for Facebook as a company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/Ap_facebook_dislike-1024x428.jpg\" alt=\"Facebook logo and thumbs down\" class=\"wp-image-82\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/Ap_facebook_dislike-1024x428.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/Ap_facebook_dislike-300x125.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/Ap_facebook_dislike-768x321.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/Ap_facebook_dislike-1536x642.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/Ap_facebook_dislike-430x180.jpg 430w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/09\/Ap_facebook_dislike.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Photo: Wikimedia Commons. <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">See licence details.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unintended consequences\u2026 but are they all?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/reallifemag.com\/the-algorithmic-colonization-of-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The algorithmic colonization of Africa<\/em><\/a>, Abeba Birhane argues that importing Western AI systems founded upon individualistic and capitalist drives can cause more harm than good, and that guidelines and safeguards are needed in a way that accounts for local values. Otherwise, there can certainly be unintended consequences, for example when Facebook is used for abuse or to incite violence in developing countries, where there may be little or no regulation or safeguards against it.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cAs we hand decision-making regarding social issues over to automated systems developed by profit-driven corporations, not only are we allowing our social concerns to be dictated by corporate incentives (profit), but we are also handing over complex moral questions to the corporate world.\u201d<\/p><cite>Abeba Birhane<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Although Zuckerberg initially defended the project publicly, criticism of Internet.org only mounted, and more recently, Facebook has continued investing in technology for providing connectivity \u2013 such as a solar-powered, plane-sized drone called Aquila \u2013 while remaining quiet on Internet.org. Other projects include <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/expresswifi.fb.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Express Wifi<\/a>, which provides internet access via public wifi hotspots. But Facebook continues to find itself in hot water over data justice issues, such as <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en_us\/article\/889pk3\/facebook-threatens-to-pull-out-of-europe-if-it-doesnt-get-its-way\" target=\"_blank\">recently over the transfer of data about European customers to servers in the U.S<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Facebook is not the only company that has invested in increasing internet access in the developing world; Microsoft and Google both have similar projects, for example. The difference is that they didn\u2019t label them as philanthropic ventures. Perhaps they knew, unlike Zuckerberg at the time, that as profit-driven companies, they could never be unbiased.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What do you think? Is there any way that corporate projects can be neutral? Please tell us in the comments below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This post is written by Jessica Wright. <a href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict202group9\/2020\/09\/19\/about-the-authors\/\">Find out more about the authors of this blog.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Birhane, A. (2019). <em>The Algorithmic Colonization of Africa<\/em>. Retrieved September 22, 2020, from Real Life Mag. <a href=\"https:\/\/reallifemag.com\/the-algorithmic-colonization-of-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/reallifemag.com\/the-algorithmic-colonization-of-africa\/<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cinnamon, J. (2019). Data inequalities and why they matter for development.<em> Information Technology for Development<\/em>, 26 (2), pp. 214-233<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gilbert, D. (2020). <em>Facebook Says it Will Stop Operating in Europe If Regulators Don\u2019t Back Down<\/em>. Retrieved September 22, 2020, from Vice. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en_us\/article\/889pk3\/facebook-threatens-to-pull-out-of-europe-if-it-doesnt-get-its-way\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en_us\/article\/889pk3\/facebook-threatens-to-pull-out-of-europe-if-it-doesnt-get-its-way<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Graham, M. (ed.) (2019). <em>Digital Economies at Global Margins<\/em>. Ottawa\/Boston: IDRC\/MIT Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hempel, J. (2018). <em>What Happened to Facebook&#8217;s Grand Plan to Wire the World?<\/em> Retrieved September 22, 2020, from Wired. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/what-happened-to-facebooks-grand-plan-to-wire-the-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/what-happened-to-facebooks-grand-plan-to-wire-the-world\/<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Spratt, S. &amp; Baker, J (2016). <em>Big Data and International Development: Impacts, Scenarios and Policy Options<\/em>. Brighton: IDS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taylor, L. (2017) What is data justice? The case for connecting digital rights and freedoms on the global level. <em>Big Data &amp; Society<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 2013, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg announced a new project that aimed to increase access to the internet in the developing world. But when it comes to data justice, can a project owned by a company ever be neutral?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":54,"featured_media":78,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,3],"tags":[14,10,13,6,11,9,7,8,12],"class_list":["post-74","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","category-justice","tag-data-for-development","tag-data-justice","tag-digital-for-development","tag-facebook","tag-free-basics","tag-internet-org","tag-mark-zuckerberg","tag-net-neutrality","tag-technology-for-development"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\r\n<title>Can corporate projects ever be \u2018neutral\u2019? - Decoding Data for Development<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Facebook&#039;s internet.org aims to increase access to the internet in the developing world. 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