﻿{"id":337,"date":"2021-11-07T16:14:36","date_gmt":"2021-11-07T16:14:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/?p=337"},"modified":"2024-04-19T09:56:48","modified_gmt":"2024-04-19T09:56:48","slug":"digital-rights-2-the-case-of-palestine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/2021\/11\/07\/digital-rights-2-the-case-of-palestine\/","title":{"rendered":"Digital Rights (2) : The case of Palestine"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\r\n<blockquote><p><strong> <b>\u201cTechnology in general is never either neutral or objective; it is a mirror that reflects societal bias, unfairness, and injustice.\u201d<\/b><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In May 2021,<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/7amleh.org\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7amleh<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media, worked to document digital rights violations occurred during the 2021 Israeli attacks, and in the document<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/7amleh.org\/storage\/Research%20and%20Position%20Papers\/Hashtag_Palestine_English_2020_9May%20(1).pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hashtag Palestine 2020<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are listed detailed digital rights violations committed by government authorities and technology companies against Palestinians.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This year, Palestinian groups have been demonstrating against the Israeli Supreme Court\u2019s decision to displace Palestinians in the East Jerusalem neighbourhood of Sheikh Jarrah. This time not radicalists nor Hamas soldiers, but young Palestinians used Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Youtube and TikTok to document and denounce human rights violations. Social media companies started<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.apc.org\/en\/pubs\/attacks-palestinian-digital-rights\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">removing Palestinian content<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from platforms, often without clear reasons or violations and Israel arrested around <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/opinion\/.premium-1.785470\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">800 Palestinians<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> because of their posts.\u00a0 In 2014, Israel\u2019s world exports of cyber security and surveillance technologies <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/69f150da-25b8-11e5-bd83-71cb60e8f08c\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">exceeded<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> its military equipment exports. Such technologies were sold to authoritarian and repressive regimes in Colombia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, South Sudan, the UAE&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In many occasions, various social media platfoms silenced the voice of Palestinian people and activists. Israeli cyber units sent requests to social media platforms to take down specific content without a court order, through the use of a specific app that<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.actil.android.app\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">can be used<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0 \u201cremove inciting content from social media, fight antisemitism and anti-zionism, and take part in special pro-Israel campaigns and efforts.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Artificial intelligence is being used to censor pro-Palestine sentiment. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Haaretz <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">revealed that <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/mondoweiss.net\/2017\/07\/orwell-arrest-algorithm\/?utm_source=Mondoweiss+List&amp;utm_campaign=4e9ea4afe7-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_term=0_b86bace129-4e9ea4afe7-398547173&amp;mc_cid=4e9ea4afe7&amp;mc_eid=fc78d496c9\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">algorithms<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> were used to build profiles of what Israel views as likely Palestinian attackers, based on a prediction of violence, rather than any actual attack \u2013 or even a plan to commit it, and the popularity of the suspect. Israeli intelligence hacked Facebook accounts to gain access to such private information as Israel <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/al-shabaka.org\/briefs\/ict-the-shackled-engine-of-palestines-development\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">occupies and controls<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the entire telecommunications infrastructure used by Palestinians.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Instagram has been removing Palestine content and Twitter is suspending people talking about what\u2019s happening in <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/SheikhJarrah?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#SheikhJarrah<\/a>. This is censorship on a mass scale \u2014 these are the only outlets we have because western media outlets are not covering what\u2019s happening in Jerusalem <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/lF1TjvTk81\">https:\/\/t.co\/lF1TjvTk81<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/CqBVmVf5pl\">pic.twitter.com\/CqBVmVf5pl<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Jennine #SaveSheikhJarrah #SaveSilwan (@jennineak) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/jennineak\/status\/1390537774202195970?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">May 7, 2021<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Facebook is often <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fortune.com\/2017\/05\/22\/facebook-censorship-transparency\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">criticized<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for its lack of transparency and arbitrary decisions, and it\u2019s regarded as \u201cpro-Israel\u201d, as he<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/gallery\/2017\/may\/21\/facebooks-manual-on-credible-threats-of-violence\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">lists<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Zionists as a \u201cglobally protected group,\u201d\u00a0 and that \u201cpeople must not praise, support organizations that intimidate an internationally recognized state.\u201d, and terrorism for FB includes the use of premeditated violence by non-governmental organizations \u201cto achieve a political, religious or ideological aim.\u201d As a result, Facebook has censored activists and journalists in disputed territories such as Palestine, Kashmir, Crimea, and Western Sahara.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Moreover, in 2016, the Israeli Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked and Public Security Minister Gilad Erdan announced <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2016\/sep\/12\/facebook-israel-monitor-posts-incite-violence-social-media\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">an agreement<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> between Israel and Facebook to set up teams to monitor and remove \u201cinciteful\u201d content. Facebook may fear being sued and Israel as a geopolitical actor. In 2015, a pro-Israeli organization, Shurat HaDin-Israel Law Center, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/1.682485\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">filed a suit<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> against Facebook because of a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2017\/may\/24\/how-facebook-flouts-holocaust-denial-laws-except-where-it-fears-being-sued\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">leaked<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> internal document regarding content that denies the Holocaust.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Regarding Youtube, Although YouTube\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/about\/#:~:text=Our%20mission%20is%20to%20give,build%20community%20through%20our%20stories.\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">mission statement<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> promises \u201cto give everyone a voice and show them the world,\u201d this is not always the case with its ongoing and unjustified declaration that some videos violate its community guidelines. This raises significant problems when it comes to users\u2019 digital rights. YouTube is not held accountable regarding the clarity and equity of its four guidelines; it can maneuver between them interchangeably to justify content removal. One of YouTube\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2020\/9\/21\/21448916\/youtube-automated-moderation-ai-machine-learning-increased-errors-takedowns\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">justifications for using AI programming<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is that it could be much more efficient and fast in detecting inappropriate content. However, Dia Kayyali at WITNESS explains that while \u201ccomputers might be efficient in detecting violence, they are not as nuanced as humans. They are not good at figuring out if a video is ISIS propaganda or vital evidence of human rights violations.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Whether explicitly acknowledged or not, the central aim of commercial companies developing AI is not to rectify bias generally but to infer the weaknesses and deficiencies of individual \u201cusers,\u201d as<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/reallifemag.com\/the-algorithmic-colonization-of-africa\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">if people existed only as objects to be manipulated<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In a range of videos, researchers found that many YouTube videos about the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GFYSzCJN4Zs\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Israeli army and military<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> remain on YouTube. Another incident of hate speech and harassment is the video promoted by Israeli clothing brand, Hoodies. The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_qIOGJjKFiU\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Islamophobic video<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> ends with the slogan \u201cFreedom is basic.\u201d despite <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/bar-refaelis-niqab-removing-ad-denounced-as-racist-and-lazy\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">activists\u2019 critiques<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the video remains on YouTube. In interviews, Palestinian human rights defenders reported experiencing language and locative discrimination against their content on YouTube and silencing \u201cbecause it is violent\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instagram is reported to have\u00a0 silenced many accounts in Palestine. The excuse by Mosseri was \u201cmany people thought we were removing their content because of what they posted or what hashtag they used, but this bug wasn\u2019t related to the content itself, but rather a widespread issue that has now been fixed\u201d. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, Mona Shtaya, 7amleh manager, said \u201cThe excuses that have been used by the companies, such as \u2018global technical bug\u2019 are neither logical nor convincing\u201d she told Al Jazeera<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/CVrQk10I1-O\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-349\" src=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/govoni-1024x597.png\" alt=\"FB censoring Still I Rise NGO\" width=\"513\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/govoni-1024x597.png 1024w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/govoni-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/govoni-768x448.png 768w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/govoni-600x350.png 600w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/govoni-150x87.png 150w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/govoni.png 1412w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 513px) 100vw, 513px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many people and organisations across the world continue to face low reach and engagement on their posts on Instagram and other platforms, this is a phenomenon called &#8220;shadow banning&#8221;. Given the targeted and repeated nature of such censures, activists continue to express doubts about such explanations from social media companies, I linked here the example of Govoni, of the organization &#8220;Still I Rise&#8221;. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In addition, several Palestinians in Jerusalem have reported receiving threatening text messages from Israeli Intelligence, the messages are believed to be an intimidation tactic meant to keep activists and residents of the surrounding areas from engaging in protests or other political action.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is not only Israel and social media platforms that suppresses Palestinian social media users: The Palestinian Authority does this as well, to destroy unfavorable political views or criticisms of Palestinian leadership. The PA recently passed a law that further curbs Palestinians\u2019 freedom to express themselves online. The controversial <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/7amleh.org\/2017\/08\/02\/the-full-english-translation-of-the-palestinian-cyber-crime-law\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Electronic Crimes Law<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was signed by Palestinian President Abbas in 2017, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifex.org\/palestine\/2017\/08\/09\/cybercrime-law-palestine\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">without any public consultations<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with Palestinian civil society. The pretext of the new law is to fight online crimes,, but the law itself is in stark contravention of basic privacy protection laws and freedom of speech. It confers extensive power to state institutions to monitor, collect, and store data pertaining to online activities of Palestinians in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Digital rights concerns are a relatively new concept in the OPT.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Palestinian civil society organizations have a responsibility to raise awareness about these rights, most importantly regarding digital security. Keeping one\u2019s accounts protected and private information private should be a priority, especially for journalists and activists.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Palestinian civil society and media must also expose and mobilize against Israel\u2019s unethical surveil<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">la<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/labiba_org\/?hl=en\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-348\" src=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/labiba-637x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"324\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/labiba-637x1024.png 637w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/labiba-187x300.png 187w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/labiba-768x1234.png 768w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/labiba-956x1536.png 956w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/labiba-218x350.png 218w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/labiba-93x150.png 93w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2021\/11\/labiba.png 1073w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nce practices, censorship, and persecution of Palestinians&#8217; freedom of expression. Online campaigning (such as #FBCensorsPalestine), has proven effective in addressing social media companies\u2019 digital rights violations due to biased positions, despite claims of neutrality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social media platforms should publish transparency reports for deletions, blocks, or restrictions of content and profiles of users and it must clearly explain how a person can appeal the decision.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Palestinians also need to build coalitions with international digital rights organizations that should ensure that AI is not hyper-surveying and discriminating against Palestinian content and that can help exert pressure on social media companies and the Israeli government to discontinue their violations.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The human and digital rights of Palestinian children and youth should be safeguarded, and support for their activism and full protection in accordance with international lawshould be provided.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pressure should be exertet on Israel to comply with UN resolutions and respect international laws that protect th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">e Palestinian population living under occupation and publicly condemn violations of these rights.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, despite the biases, limitations and unclear policies of social media companies, their platforms have allowed for international outrage at the brutality and trauma Palestinians have been suffering for decades and protests in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2021\/05\/17\/us\/israel-palestinian-conflict-us-protests-trnd\/index.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">other countries<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> around the world are also erupting, due in large part to mobilisation and activism through social media. Increased attention and exposure to these linguistic biases has allowed people to reject the narrative presented by Western media outlets. This is in large part due to the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">visibility of Palestinian voices, which are finally telling their own stories and narrating their own experiences, in spite of the limitations of social media. The censure we\u2019ve seen big tech companies exercise paints a disconcerting picture of how easy it is to rob a person of their voice, particularly if that person belongs to a marginalised group. This is exactly why support and amplify Palestinian voices, and indeed voices of all oppressed groups, is now more important than ever.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u27a1\ufe0f If you want you can check <a href=\"https:\/\/labibanetwork.wordpress.com\/\">Labiba&#8217;s network<\/a> blog and<a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/labiba_org\/?hl=en\"> Instagram page<\/a>: here we write about Palestine &#8220;from a different perspective&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Digital rights in Palestine\" width=\"920\" height=\"518\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Ed5IAVwgLL0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>SOURCES<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Birhane A.(2019) The Algorithmic Colonization of Africa, retrieved from: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/reallifemag.com\/the-algorithmic-colonization-of-africa\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/reallifemag.com\/the-algorithmic-colonization-of-africa\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nadeem R. (2021), Silencing Palestinian Voices in the Digital Age, retrieved from: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitalrightsmonitor.pk\/suppressing-palestinian-voices-in-the-digital-age\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.digitalrightsmonitor.pk\/suppressing-palestinian-voices-in-the-digital-age\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nashif N, Fatafta M (2017), Surveillance of Palestinians and the Fight for Digital Rights, retrieved from: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/al-shabaka.org\/briefs\/surveillance-palestinians-fight-digital-rights\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/al-shabaka.org\/briefs\/surveillance-palestinians-fight-digital-rights\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nazzal A. (2020), YouTube\u2019s Violation of Palestinian Digital Rights: What Needs to be Done, retrieved from: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/al-shabaka.org\/briefs\/youtubes-violation-of-palestinian-digital-rights-what-needs-to-be-done\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/al-shabaka.org\/briefs\/youtubes-violation-of-palestinian-digital-rights-what-needs-to-be-done\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">PAX for peace <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(2020), <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Palestinian Digital Rights, retrieved from: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bFC0OI_hDHQ\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bFC0OI_hDHQ<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7amleh &#8211; The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media (2019), The Attacks on Palestinian Digital Rights, retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apc.org\/en\/pubs\/attacks-palestinian-digital-rights;\">\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/7amleh.org\/\/storage\/The%20Attacks%20on%20Palestinian%20Digital%20Rights.pdf\">https:\/\/7amleh.org\/\/storage\/The%20Attacks%20on%20Palestinian%20Digital%20Rights.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7amleh &#8211; The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media (2021), Unsafe spaces: How the digital rights of young Palestinians in Jerusalem are being increasingly violated online, retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/ifex.org\/unsafe-spaces-how-the-digital-rights-of-young-palestinians-in-jerusalem-are-being-increasingly-violated-online\/\">https:\/\/ifex.org\/unsafe-spaces-how-the-digital-rights-of-young-palestinians-in-jerusalem-are-being-increasingly-violated-online\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7amleh (2018), Digital rights in Palestine, retrieved from: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ed5IAVwgLL0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ed5IAVwgLL0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cTechnology in general is never either neutral or objective; it is a mirror that reflects societal bias, unfairness, and injustice.\u201d \u00a0In May 2021, 7amleh, The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media, worked to document digital rights violations occurred during the 2021 Israeli attacks, and in the document Hashtag&#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/2021\/11\/07\/digital-rights-2-the-case-of-palestine\/\">Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":218,"featured_media":338,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-337","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\r\n<title>Digital Rights (2) : The case of Palestine - Development Spotlight<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict21group4\/2021\/11\/07\/digital-rights-2-the-case-of-palestine\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Digital Rights (2) : The case of Palestine - Development Spotlight\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cTechnology in general is never either neutral or objective; it is a mirror that reflects societal bias, unfairness, and injustice.\u201d \u00a0In May 2021, 7amleh, The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media, worked to document digital rights violations occurred during the 2021 Israeli attacks, and in the document Hashtag... 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