{"id":595,"date":"2022-11-07T23:32:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-07T23:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group1\/?p=595"},"modified":"2022-11-07T23:32:20","modified_gmt":"2022-11-07T23:32:20","slug":"defining-the-ukraine-response-tracking-ict-colonial-threads","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group1\/2022\/11\/07\/defining-the-ukraine-response-tracking-ict-colonial-threads\/","title":{"rendered":"Defining the Ukraine response: tracking ICT colonial threads"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_596\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-596\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-596\" src=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/66\/2022\/11\/Ukraine-final-300x151.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/66\/2022\/11\/Ukraine-final-300x151.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/66\/2022\/11\/Ukraine-final-768x385.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/66\/2022\/11\/Ukraine-final-467x234.jpg 467w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/66\/2022\/11\/Ukraine-final.jpg 827w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-596\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">OCHA -HDX Ukraine data explorer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>The Ukraine crisis following the escalation of the 2014 conflict into a full-scale war stopped the world in its tracks. But as the international organisations and donors poured into the country and the neighbouring host communities, the response has also become a testing ground for the newest use of technology for security, information and humanitarian action.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Modern technology allows us to revolutionise our daily lives, but also transpires into innovation in humanitarian action. \u00a0Today\u2019s technological fusion, that is the integration of information networks, mobile technologies, big data and social media into a single device of our choice such as a smartphone, gives us unlimited access to data from multiple sources and in a format of our choice. Such fusion is transforming the range of tools a promise new technology offers to humanitarian and conflict settings, employed across the spectrum of a war-torn country, from the civil defense mechanisms or information sharing. As mentioned by Read et al. (2015:7), \u201ctechnology is co-constitutive of the humanitarian environments it seeks to capture. Rather than merely reflect, or compress, a picture, it has the capacity to construct and define it.\u201d Let us then take a closer look at how technology defines the frame of the Ukraine response and where it can be perceived as a tool that contributes to colonialising humanitarian frameworks. Even though many might find it surprising to analyse the Ukraine response through a colonial lens, even though the country does not geographically belong to the global South, the infamous \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/globalfundcommunityfoundations.org\/news\/an-open-letter-to-international-donors-and-ngos-who-want-to-genuinely-help-ukraine\/\">open letter to international donors and NGOs who want to genuinely help Ukraine<\/a>\u201d issued by local organisations accusing international humanitarian giants of subduing them instead of facilitating access to global funds and resources shows that regardless of the location, the sector is painfully guilty of transplanting the same colonial narratives and models that endorse a localisation agenda solely on paper.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The military versus the humanitarian<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Since ICT provides the opportunity to gather and covey data at a greater speed than through traditional means such as offline surveys, this promises better timeliness of humanitarian responses. In Ukraine, this transpires not only through speed to which international organisations have landed in the country and the accurate data charts visualising the conflict events and statistics, with exquisite graphic representation of the crisis available, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/visualization\/ukraine-humanitarian-operations\/\">OCHA -HDX Ukraine<\/a> data explorer, but also in a way which technological speed has been employed to help save lives in the civilian defense system and the innovative early warning system I wrote about in <a href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group1\/2022\/10\/29\/when-technology-helps-to-save-lives-early-warning-system-in-ukraine\/\">my blog article<\/a>. Read\u2019s claim to which that \u201ctechnological advances in the humanitarian sector bring opportunities for the transformation of power relations between donors and \u2018recipients\u2019,\u201d where crisis-affected populations \u201care increasingly becoming \u201cdigital communities\u201d as well,\u201d is vibrantly experienced in Ukraine today on the one hand, since refugees, internally displaced people (IDPs) and ordinary residents actively contribute to shaping the country\u2019s defense and information landscape. Next to millions of users of the air alert apps, Ukrainians now have access to another app that allows them to detect and report <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/oct\/29\/ukraine-phone-app-russia-drone-attacks-eppo\">Russian drone attacks<\/a>. While the civil defense system seem to engage citizens at an equal footing, allowing them to collaborate with the governments and create a joint response to the ever-changing conflict landscape, alas the power relations in humanitarian programme delivery remain unshaken.<\/p>\n<p>Even though modern cash programmes widely use technology as a seemingly egalitarian tool to reach to wide groups of people and boast the innovation of the efforts, the practical implementation on the ground still puts the clients in the position of a passive aid recipient. Over the course of the response, I have come across at least two examples of international organisations failing to timely harvest the power of technology to the benefit of the people. Cause of glitches in data transfer and a failure of the registration system in Poland and Ukraine respectively, with the latter going a step further and utilizing social media for registration purposes, people were left stranded without enough information about what is happening with the support. The NGOs\u2019 inboxes and info lines were flooded with enquiries from people who had no idea where the money was to be found. This put the population in a position of a passive aid recipient, desperately knocking the western organisations\u2019 doors to be heard and assisted. While cash registration is only one tangible example where technology is used to facilitate the response on both sides of the Ukrainian border, yet another of Read\u2019s claim that data conversion and gathering has an impact on humanitarian responses is visible in Ukraine, it has no unequivocally positive impact on the local populations. While on the programmatic level ICT and advocates want to technologise every aspect of aid, glitches in the system prove that the current digital responses are far from perfect. These might also be exclusive to people with lower levels of digital literacy, such as the elderly, which is particularly applicable to Ukraine as the eldest crisis in the world, quoting the Norwegian Refugee Council. On the example of the African continent, Birhane (2019) notes that AI only seemingly seems to provide \u201cquick solutions to complex social problems. And this is exactly where problems arise. Around the world, AI technologies are gradually being integrated into decision-making processes in such areas as insurance, mobile banking, health care and education services.\u201d With the new banking partnerships emerging for the cash distribution programmes in Ukraine, with MoneyGram or other banking applications, nobody seems to question where the cutting-edge technologies are going to go in a few years, and what is going to happen with the users\u2019 data. Also, why in the society where virtually each and every citizen gets access to Ukraine-developed apps that allow them to report drone attacks and seek shelter ahead of the upcoming shelling, need INGO intermediaries for cash transfers. \u201c\u2019Mining\u2019 people for data is reminiscent of the colonizer attitude that declares humans as raw material,\u201d argues Birhane, a statement that becomes particularly prominent in light of the Ukraine response.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Citizen information <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Over the past few months, Ukraine has become a battlefield for (dis)information, with hundreds of corporate actors and (I)NGOs employing modern technologies to inform people about the assistance available, ensure the populations are free from harm, or inform the citizens about the latest military advancements. The conflict has also turned an ordinary citizen into a reporter, with platforms such as <a href=\"https:\/\/liveuamap.com\/en\">Live UA map<\/a> and Telegram as the main source of information for the local populations. While we will not dwell deeper into the threats and opportunities around non-factchecked data and disinformation debates in Ukraine, we focus on the empowerment framework the access to ICTs offers on the ground today, with the individuals of the affected communities being presented with a unique opportunity to contribute to public information platforms. With dozens and new applications and communication platforms available a click away, dozens of people are dedicated to documenting atrocities and sharing the latest information from the frontlines, easily available on social media. As argued by Kleine (2010) multi-purpose technologies cam empower individuals to attain development outcomes of their own choice. Easier communication and more autonomy in knowledge production are clearly defined development outcomes that transpire from citizen information sharing activities. In Ukraine, the availability of ICTs translates into informational assets that contribute to the social change and fuel citizen engagement. Following the empowerment framework, \u201cparticular with respect to ICTs, relevant elements of the structure which influence an individual\u2019s agency include dimensions of access, such as availability, affordability and capabilities needed for using different ICTs.\u201d Read through this frame, the crowd sourcing of conflict and response data shifts the ownership of knowledge, since the information becomes a commodity co-shared by the citizens, as opposed to being the exclusive property of NGOs, Western media or UN agencies.<\/p>\n<p>Taylor (2017) observes that \u201cData justice is the overarching conceptual framework within which research and debate can identify what freedoms people value with regard to data technologies, and how to realise them. It fits within the structure of opportunity freedoms and process freedoms that determines what people\u2019s functionings (\u2018doings\u2019 or \u2018beings\u2019) can be with regard to data technologies. In turn, these functionings can be translated via social conversion factors such as political, legal and educational support into capabilities such as participation in data value chains, or access to data affecting oneself.\u201d Interestingly, Ukrainian society does strike back and if we were to apply the data justice framework to the realty on the ground, we could perceive the Ukrainian society as particularity empowered with this regard. Yet we are dealing with a war context which is reframed through a humanitarian localization agenda to defend particular INGO positions or justify the status quo, the technological freedom seems suppressed by the use of ICTs in partnerships that are far from equitable or supportive to local leadership and sustainability.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Digital humanicolonialism?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As Burns (2014) notes, \u201cthe digital humanitarian endeavour involves \u2018different modes of production, processing, curation, and representation of people, places, and knowledges, that is, most often, digital humanitarianism enrolls spatially and socially-distanced people to work with local knowledges mediated through digital technologies.\u201d In the Ukrainian response, starting from the use of ICT technologies to the digital representations of the crisis in media and external communications by INGOs, we still witness the traces of old dynamics being wrapped in the localization and modernization agenda. With INGOs trying to appropriate the response with the images of humanitarian suffering of the displaced Ukrainians and introduce ICTs an a tool to control the response, the cry of the local NGOs who see little of the billions of funding saying, \u201cstop trying to speak on our behalf and stop controlling narratives in ways that advance your own institutional interests \u2013 and stop building our capacity!\u201d seems particularly timely.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bibliography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Burns, R. (2014) Moments of closure in the knowledge politics of digital humanitarianism, Geoforum &#8211; Volume 53, Pages 51-62<br \/>\nBirhane, A. (2019) The Algorithmic Colonization of Africa., Real Life Mag, 9 July<br \/>\nKleine, D. (2010) Journal of International Development, J. Int. Dev. 22, 674\u2013692 , Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002<br \/>\nKwet, M. (2021) Digital colonialism: the evolution of American empire, ROAR, 3 March.<br \/>\nNational Network of Local Philanthropy Development (2022) An <a href=\"https:\/\/globalfundcommunityfoundations.org\/news\/an-open-letter-to-international-donors-and-ngos-who-want-to-genuinely-help-ukraine\/\">open letter to international donors and NGOs who want to genuinely help Ukraine<\/a>.<br \/>\nPeace Direct (2021): Time to Decolonize Aid-Insights and Lessons from a global consultation. London: Peace Direct.<br \/>\nR\u00f3is\u00edn Read, Bertrand Taithe &amp; Roger Mac Ginty (2016) Data hubris? Humanitarian information systems and the mirage of technology, Third World Quarterly, DOI: 10.1080\/01436597.2015.1136208<br \/>\nSein, M.K., Thapa, D, Hatakka, M. &amp; S\u00e6b\u00f8,\u00a0\u00d8.\u00a0(2019)\u00a0<a style=\"font-weight: var(--fbyHH-fontWeight)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/02681102.2018.1503589\">A holistic perspective on the theoretical foundations for ICT4D research<\/a>,\u00a0Information Technology for Development 25:1, 7-25.<br \/>\nTaylor, L. (2017) What is data justice? The case for connecting digital rights and freedoms on the global level., Big Data &amp; Society, 4:2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Ukraine crisis following the escalation of the 2014 conflict into a full-scale war stopped the world in its tracks. But as the international organisations and donors poured into the country and the neighbouring host communities, the response has also become a testing ground for the newest use of technology &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":379,"featured_media":596,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[12],"class_list":["post-595","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-modalities-of-digital-aid-delivery","tag-ukraine"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\r\n<title>Defining the Ukraine response: tracking ICT colonial threads - What the Aid<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group1\/2022\/11\/07\/defining-the-ukraine-response-tracking-ict-colonial-threads\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Defining the Ukraine response: tracking ICT colonial threads - What the Aid\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Ukraine crisis following the escalation of the 2014 conflict into a full-scale war stopped the world in its tracks. 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