﻿{"id":560,"date":"2022-10-22T20:30:19","date_gmt":"2022-10-22T20:30:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/?p=560"},"modified":"2022-11-08T20:46:10","modified_gmt":"2022-11-08T20:46:10","slug":"distance-learning-a-tool-for-development","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/2022\/10\/22\/distance-learning-a-tool-for-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Distance Learning: a tool for development?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-592\" src=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2022\/10\/Cover-Intro-FInal-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2022\/10\/Cover-Intro-FInal-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2022\/10\/Cover-Intro-FInal-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2022\/10\/Cover-Intro-FInal-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2022\/10\/Cover-Intro-FInal-2048x1024.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2022\/10\/Cover-Intro-FInal-440x220.jpg 440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In August 2022<\/span><b>,<\/b> <span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong><a style=\"color: #ff6600\" href=\"http:\/\/www.educationcannotwait.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Education Cannot Wait<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the United Nations global fund for education in emergencies and protracted crises<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, published its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.educationcannotwait.org\/resource-library\/we-have-promises-keep-ecw-annual-results-report-2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">annual report<\/a> titled <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cWe have promises to keep. And miles to go before we sleep\u201d <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to present results achieved in the year 2021. Under the section <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cAccess and Continuity\u201d<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at page 101 the report analyses the <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong>Distance Learning Program<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. I will use this section of the report to further explore distance learning as a tool for development, particularly in the East Africa Region. <span style=\"color: #ff9900\"><strong>I\u2019m invested in this topic and interested in your thoughts and opinions. Let\u2019s meet afterwards in the comment\u00a0 section below and have a discussion.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><b>But before we start: is the internet accessible in East Africa?\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think it&#8217;s crucial to have a general understanding of internet connectivity in East Africa and access to digital devices before getting too far into the discussion. The short answer to the question above is: to a very limited extent. We will consider <\/span><b>Uganda <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">as an example.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Together with Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Congo and South Sudan, Uganda is one of the seven countries that compose the East African Community. .<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Uganda population is 74.77 million of whom <\/span><b>73.9% are living in rural areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, where the <\/span><b>access to electricity is 10%.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Ugandan population is also one of the youngest in the world with an average age of 17.2 and in January 2022 the country counted <\/span><b>13.92 millions of internet users<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Internet users in Uganda increased by 1.8 million (15.1%) between 2021 and 2022 but at<\/span><b> 4.54Mbps<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the <\/span><b>internet connection speed <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">40 times lower than the average internet speed in Europe. <\/span><b>Social media users<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> registered in 2022 was equivalent to <\/span><b>5.9 percent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the total population and <\/span><b>57.9%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the population have a <\/span><b>mobile connection.<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><b>Distance Learning for Development?<\/b><\/h2>\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-583 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2022\/10\/10-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"952\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2022\/10\/10-2.jpg 952w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2022\/10\/10-2-768x370.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2022\/10\/10-2-449x216.jpg 449w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 952px) 100vw, 952px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The premise of the introductory line of the chapter on\u00a0 distance learning is that e-learning, and by extension, the devices and internet connection, are a tool for development. Because technology increases access to education and hence fosters\u00a0development, it is assumed that it cannot have any adverse impacts. But are we certain that this presumption is accurate?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff9900\"><i>ICTs undoubtedly have the potential to reduce poverty, for example by enhancing education, health delivery, rural development, and entrepreneurship across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. However, all too often, projects designed to do so fail to go to scale, and are unsustainable when donor funding ceases. \u2013 Tim Unwin<\/i><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tim Unwin in his book <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reclaiming Information and Communication Technologies for Development<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> introduces an interesting point: <span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong>sustainability.<\/strong><\/span> How sustainable are these interventions if only 10% of the population living in rural areas of Uganda has access to electricity? For how long will ECW provide vouchers to parents to process internet bundles? And what will happen when the devices distributed will break?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unwin also invites to reflect on the<span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong> interests<\/strong><\/span> of connecting millions of people to the internet and how for decades technologies have been regarded too optimistically. They have been seen as an instrument for positive change, although the reality is that the spreading of ICTs (such as mobile devices and social media) has usually been associated with increasing inequality. In this regard the World Bank in 2016 reported that the benefit of the digital economy has been less than expected and has not been equally distributed. But Unwin further emphasizes the underlying\u00a0 importance of using<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> ICTs to change the social and political structures that create poverty.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff9900\"><strong><i>Instead of ICTs for Development (ICT4D) we have become increasingly and surreptitiously enmeshed in a world of Development for ICTs (D4ICT), where governments, the private sector, and civil society are all tending to use the idea of \u2018development\u2019 to promote their own ICT interests.\u00a0<\/i><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Technology has always been used to serve a particular purpose, and ICTs, especially in developing countries, are majorly considered as a positive progressive process for social change, often ignoring the interests behind it. <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><b>My question remains: how sure can we be that providing access to internet and digital devices to millions of students, especially those in rural areas, will not enhance inequalities?<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><b>Is distance learning safe?\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On page 102 under \u201cLesson Learnt\u201d the document reports:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #ff9900\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Distance learning programmes were introduced as an innovative solution during and after COVID-19-related school closures. Such programmes, however, needed to adapt to local contexts, address a range of connectivity needs, consider the pre-existing <\/span><b>gender digital divide, as well as online safety concerns, and adjust approaches to mitigate the greater risk of learning loss among marginalized children.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">My main concern is<span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong> safety<\/strong>.<\/span> Does ECW invest in procedures that ensure the security of the students they are directly and indirectly enrolling online? What steps are being taken to reduce the risks (data properties, sexual exploitation via the internet, child protection issues etc.) when attempts are made to create an equitable education system in developing countries? Who are the stakeholders involved in ensuring safety and which interests they have in this regard? Will the technologies used to reach the most marginalized be able to address their vulnerabilities?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amy O\u2019Donnell and Caroline Sweeteman, dedicated part of their work to the theme of Gender and Development and better express some of the risks that characterized online spaces:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #ff9900\">Online spaces offer the potential to develop new forms of violence, curbing freedom of expression in a very gendered way. They can lead to physical violence too. Multiple identities \u2013 including gender, race, and class &#8211; are all critical factors responsible for limiting who has access to digital in a given context. We need to ask questions about policy, culture, power and capabilities, with a gender and intersectionality lens<\/span>.<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><b>What do you think?\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These are just a few of the thoughts that came to mind as I read the report; there are certainly many more, such as parental involvement in online education or the importance of developing basic literacy skills, but I think these are sufficient to reflect on the risks and opportunities of ICTs. <span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong>Please share your thoughts with me.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Reference:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">DataReportal.2022 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Digital 2022:Uganda<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[Online]. [Accessed 22 Ocotber 2022]. Available from: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/datareportal.com\/reports\/digital-2022-uganda?rq=Uganda<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"authors\">O&#8217;Donnell, A. &amp; Sweetman, C.<\/span> <span class=\"date\">2018:<\/span> <span class=\"art_title\"><a class=\"external fOyUs_bGBk fbyHH_bGBk fbyHH_vIby\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13552074.2018.1489952?scroll=top&amp;needAccess=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Introduction: Gender, development and ICTs<span class=\"screenreader-only\">Links to an external site.<\/span><\/a>,<\/span> <span class=\"serial_title\">Gender &amp; Development.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Unwin, T. 2017:\u00a0<a class=\"external fOyUs_bGBk fbyHH_bGBk fbyHH_vIby\" href=\"https:\/\/proxy.mau.se\/login?url=https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=cat05074a&amp;AN=malmo.b2149389&amp;site=eds-live\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reclaiming Information &amp; Communication Technologies for Development<span class=\"screenreader-only\">Links to an external site.<\/span><\/a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In August 2022, Education Cannot Wait, the United Nations global fund for education in emergencies and protracted crises, published its annual report titled \u201cWe have promises to keep. And miles to go before we sleep\u201d to present results achieved in the year 2021. Under the section \u201cAccess and Continuity\u201d at &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":384,"featured_media":592,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[35,12,13],"class_list":["post-560","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-e-learning","tag-elearning","tag-ict","tag-ict4d"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\r\n<title>Distance Learning: a tool for development? - Re: Power Development<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group2\/2022\/10\/22\/distance-learning-a-tool-for-development\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Distance Learning: a tool for development? - Re: Power Development\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In August 2022, Education Cannot Wait, the United Nations global fund for education in emergencies and protracted crises, published its annual report titled \u201cWe have promises to keep. 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