{"id":505,"date":"2022-10-25T13:39:20","date_gmt":"2022-10-25T13:39:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group8\/?p=505"},"modified":"2022-10-25T17:44:20","modified_gmt":"2022-10-25T17:44:20","slug":"responsible-ai-whos-in-the-drivers-seat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group8\/2022\/10\/25\/responsible-ai-whos-in-the-drivers-seat\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cResponsible AI\u201d &#8211; Who&#8217;s in the Driver&#8217;s Seat?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\r\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hi again, as mentioned in<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group8\/2022\/10\/07\/hello-from-a-social-media-skeptic-2\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">my introduction post<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, I\u2019m using this blog to explore my doubts when it comes to the rapid development of big data and its impact on social justice and equality. This time, I\u2019m sharing some reflections after having read<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/unhabitat.org\/ai-cities-risks-applications-and-governance\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">UN Habitat and Mila\u2019s (Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute) recently released report on AI &amp; cities<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and I\u2019m hoping you will continue the discussion by also sharing your own thoughts.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The report zooms in on cities, which from an ICT4D perspective (Information and Communication Technology for Development) is not such a bad idea considering the <\/span><strong>growing inequalities within cities in the Global North, the extensions of slums in the Global South, and cities being one of the main experimental sites for new uses of big data<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It\u2019s a fascinating read, full of insights from the latest advancements, with the authors\u2019 vision of a future where the use of big data through \u201cresponsible AI\u201d is not only upholding but also <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">enhancing <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the values stated in the human rights and the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) through <\/span><strong>\u201cvibrant AI-powered cities that are climate-conscious, socially just and designed for all\u201d<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. However, being the skeptic I am, I can\u2019t help but read in <\/span><strong>a considerable dose of technological determinism<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (i.e., believing it\u2019s technology that will \u201csave us\u201d) into these words.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite this optimism, I must admit <\/span><strong>the report is not late to also raise critical concerns regarding potential risks<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>,<\/strong> such as widening of the digital divide, rights abuses, and the perpetuation of historically discriminatory practices through the use of biased data. One of the main messages is that if such ethical issues are left unaddressed it can lead to widespread, negative (but many times unintended) consequences of emotional, behavioral or physical societal harm, e.g., in the case of predictive policing disproportionately targeting poor neighborhoods.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>The role of private corporations<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the key challenges I can see in the report relates to accountability in public-private partnerships. Because of the skills (e.g., AI experts), infrastructure (e.g., storage on data servers) and amounts of data (e.g., from social media, telecom operators or online sharing platforms) needed, <\/span><strong>these partnerships are in most cases inevitable, not least in the Global South<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The fundamental issue is that private corporations ultimately are driven by their shareholders\u2019 agendas which are not always aligned with the interests of the general public. But there are also less obvious concerns. One of these relates to<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group8\/2022\/10\/19\/digital-agriculture-doing-good-or-deepening-the-digital-divide\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the issues of power bias that is also discussed in a post by my fellow blogger Sara B<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, since <\/span><strong>a small number of global frontier firms located in a few powerful countries<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> serve the entire global economy. The general risk of an AI system not reflecting the needs of all impacted communities because of a lack in team-diversity (gender, cultural, educational etc.) and inclusivity (decision-making power from all relevant stakeholders), is higher in these firms where design teams \u201ctend to be small and composed of men of middle to high social status\u201d (to cite the report). My own experience, working close to similar types of teams as a user experience researcher and struggling to make the process more participatory (but mostly only managing to reach very shallow levels of system usability instead of usefulness from a wider society perspective), tells me that there\u2019s <\/span><strong>a big risk that innovation is driven from the life worlds of people in the most privileged parts of the world<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. This, in combination with the digital divide effect of less data being gathered in the Global South, implies a considerable risk for these countries to be negatively impacted by <\/span><strong>faulty AI systems that are not optimized for the local context<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and ultimately perpetuates existing inequalities. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Considering this, and being the social anthropologist I am, I can\u2019t help but see how these set-ups seem to lack some of the most important aspects from qualitative research methods. I\u2019m foremost thinking about the <\/span><strong>importance of contextual factors in data interpretation<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a <\/span><strong>reflexive approach<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explicitly analyzing the assumptions made by the ones building the AI system, and a<\/span> <strong>more critical<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">approach that considers the effects on social justice and equality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the report, private corporations are more and more encouraged to commit to \u201cresponsible AI\u201d, as defined in the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/monoskop.org\/images\/d\/d2\/Montreal_Declaration_for_a_Responsible_Development_of_Artificial_Intelligence_2018.pdf#:~:text=The%20Montr%C3%A9al%20Declaration%20is%20addressed%20to%20any%20person%2C,be%20able%20to%20alert%20public%20opinion%20when%20necessary.\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Montreal Declaration for responsible AI<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000377897\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">UNESCO Recommendations on AI Ethics<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. One example of this would be the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/partnershiponai.org\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Partnership on AI<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (including e.g., Google, Apple, IBM, Meta and Microsoft) with the vision of a \u201cfuture where Artificial Intelligence empowers humanity by contributing to a more just, equitable, and prosperous world\u201d, or events such as the very recent<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/researchsummit.microsoft.com\/en-US\/home?OCID=AID2200923_PSOC_LINKEDIN_COMPANY__AUD633e1b7e3831c833eee1a224_SPL633e1b7e3831c833eee1a22d&amp;li_fat_id=ef7d3834-2206-4b34-85e6-3479d66c8b31\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Microsoft Research Summit 2022<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> where the aim was to \u201cspark conversations around how to ensure new technologies could have the broadest possible benefit for humanity.\u201d Having worked in a similar company<\/span><b>, <\/b><strong>I can\u2019t help to relate this to internal and external marketing and corporate social responsibility campaigns<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. But I might be too skeptical here, I mean, they are really trying, aren\u2019t they? So why am I not convinced?<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Can an ethical practice be ensured?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The report holds that with the evolution towards such a \u201cresponsible\u201d private sector, together with a solid ethical framework for the uses of big data and AI (as the one proposed in the report), the future&#8217;s looking bright. At the same time, <\/span><strong>I\u2019m left with a feeling that what I just read is a somewhat desperate attempt to help governments and civil society keep afloat in their struggle to be on top of a fast-paced development run by some big private corporations<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (be they \u201cresponsible\u201d or not).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some of the key questions that have to be more frequently asked are: 1.) <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">why<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> big data is being used, 2.) <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">how<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> it\u2019s gathered, used, stored and disposed of, 3.) <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">who<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is designing the AI systems, and 4.) <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">who<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is impacted by them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whereas the last three questions concern the degree of compliance to \u201cresponsible AI\u201d, I find the first one to be perhaps the most crucial but also the one receiving the least focus (at least in this report). Here I\u2019m going to leave you with one last reflection related to my own experience of working as a social scientist in the world of digital innovation. This experience tells me that the initial question of why a certain technology is the best solution to the problem at hand is overshadowed by <\/span><strong>the sheer excitement of the technological possibilities, blinding people into innovating without sufficient reflection<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and instead focusing on things like the \u201cwow-factor\u201d (a central aspect when prototypes of new applications are being prepared). It takes a lot for someone, in the midst of this excitement, to raise their hand and question the use of this technology in terms of wider effects on society, equality and social justice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To conclude, with the risk of simplifying a whole lot, let\u2019s say that the use of big data today is a battle between some private corporations looking for profit, some governments looking for power\/control, and some other governments and civil society organizations looking to \u201cdo good\u201d? If so, <\/span><strong>who is winning and who is losing? Who\u2019s in the driver\u2019s seat? And what would be the definition of \u201cdoing good\u201d?<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I will be back with more reflections on these questions. Until then, I would love to hear your view.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hi again, as mentioned in my introduction post, I\u2019m using this blog to explore my doubts when it comes to the rapid development of big data and its impact on social justice and equality. This time, I\u2019m sharing some reflections after having read UN Habitat &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":412,"featured_media":506,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40,33,4,3,24,29,39,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-artificial-intelligence","category-big-data","category-development","category-ethics","category-ict4d","category-interactive-post","category-responsible-ai-2","category-social-equality"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\r\n<title>\u201cResponsible AI\u201d - Who&#039;s in the Driver&#039;s Seat? - Big data: friend or foe?<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict22group8\/2022\/10\/25\/responsible-ai-whos-in-the-drivers-seat\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cResponsible AI\u201d - Who&#039;s in the Driver&#039;s Seat? - Big data: friend or foe?\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hi again, as mentioned in my introduction post, I\u2019m using this blog to explore my doubts when it comes to the rapid development of big data and its impact on social justice and equality. 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