{"id":233,"date":"2023-11-05T19:09:49","date_gmt":"2023-11-05T19:09:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/?p=233"},"modified":"2023-11-05T19:09:52","modified_gmt":"2023-11-05T19:09:52","slug":"citizen-journalism-a-deeper-dive-into-the-topic-and-a-critique-of-a-video-blog","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/2023\/11\/05\/citizen-journalism-a-deeper-dive-into-the-topic-and-a-critique-of-a-video-blog\/","title":{"rendered":"Citizen Journalism \u2013 A deeper dive into the topic and a critique of a video blog"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"578\" src=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-05-at-19.04.26-1024x578.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-05-at-19.04.26-1024x578.png 1024w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-05-at-19.04.26-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-05-at-19.04.26-768x434.png 768w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-05-at-19.04.26-1536x867.png 1536w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-05-at-19.04.26-150x85.png 150w, https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-05-at-19.04.26.png 1672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Screen grab from the video critiqued in this essay accessible <a href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/2023\/10\/20\/citizen-journalists-what-solutions-can-they-bring-to-reporting-on-crises\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><em>Introduction<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this essay, firstly I will take the opportunity to expand on the topic of citizen journalists and the solutions they can offer to challenges in reporting on crises, which I have previously made a four-minute explainer <a href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/2023\/10\/20\/citizen-journalists-what-solutions-can-they-bring-to-reporting-on-crises\/\">video<\/a> about for our blog, <em>Creating a Solutions Culture. <\/em>I\u2019m glad of this opportunity for expansion, as I learned how difficult it is to include everything you want to say about a topic in a short video.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Secondly, this essay allows me the opportunity to critique my own video while putting forward the academic findings I have found in the course literature. I use the article <em>Reflexive engagements: the international development blogging evolution and its challenges<\/em> by Denskus and Papan (2013) for its insights into what my role in creating is video blog post could mean. I apply findings in this text to my critique of my own blog entry. A supporting text by Aysehan J\u00fclide Etem, called <em>Representations of Syrian Refugees in UNICEF\u2019s Media Projects: New Vulnerabilities in Digital Humanitarian Communication <\/em>(Global Perspectives 1 (1), 2020) is another valuable resource used in this essay for its specific theories on the process of representation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>What is a citizen journalist?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is no single definition that covers the work of all citizen journalists in all contexts. As described by Wall (2019), the title has several disputed and wide-ranging parameters. Some say citizen journalists are just ordinary bystanders of an event who manage to record and share it. Others say they are those who lack the knowledge or skills to produce publication-ready content. There\u2019s also the idea that they are simply unpaid journalists (Wall, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Citizen journalists tend to document things as they unfold. They use simple technology such as phone cameras and laptops to report on happenings in their communities. Since the dawn of live streaming across social media platforms, they have captured atrocities live in situations where professional journalists haven\u2019t been able to access in time (Rains, 2017 in Wall, 2019). The raw nature and timeliness of these live streams in particular has the power to evoke stronger emotions in the viewer. The clips are more likely to evoke emotion and action than a well-edited professional news report of the same event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Significant moments reported by citizen journalists<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A key event in history, where a military regime cut a country off from the world but information still got out through citizen journalists was the Saffron Revolution that took place in Myanmar in 2007-2008. Events of the protests (led by typically non-political Buddhist monks) and violent crackdown by authorities were documented by video and photo and smuggled over land across the borders with neighbouring countries. These were then picked up by international news media and beamed across the world, \u201cprompting international HR actors\u2014ranging from NGOs such as Human Rights Watch to nation-state organizations such as the United Nations to informal social networks of online activists\u2014to respond,\u201d (Brough &amp; Li, 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A unique perspective<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A citizen journalist is not removed from an event as a professional journalist from another place would be. They are personally affected by the events they document, and they have a very real understanding of the impact of what they record will have on them personally, on their family and friends and wider community. They deal with the aftermath of the natural disaster, violent conflict or act of aggressive repression. They are the ones who have to retrieve relatives\u2019 bodies from the hospital, or rebuild their homes, for example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A professional journalist is working on paid time and knows that when they clock out of their shift (albeit often arduous and risky work) they can remove themselves from the scene. Backed by a media organisation, there is funding and connections to support a journalist should they get into difficulty. Being a journalist in a crisis is not without its risks, but they do have the opportunity to leave a zone when it becomes too dangerous \u2013 often unlike those they are reporting on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For my video post, I found some words from a clip by a citizen journalist from the Gaza Strip particularly poignant. The video, <em>Inside the Gaza Seige: an eyewitness report<\/em>, was captured by filmmaker Yousef Hammash and published by Channel 4 News on October 11, 2023. His words quoted below stand out to me more than any other new report covering the same event:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u201cWe have been told to get out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">But where do we go?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">And how do we get there?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Pitfalls of citizen journalism<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is indeed good reason why journalists study for years to gain their qualifications. Skills around information verification, reporting ethics and technologies can be weak among citizen journalists who typically haven\u2019t undergone the same rigorous training procedures. Citizen journalists are at the forefront of perilous circumstances and therefore often take extreme personal risk to report. They can be beaten or arrested for what they are doing. Without internet security training, they can be tracked down by the very oppressors whose malicious actions they are at pains to expose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This type of reporting largely depends on having an unrestricted internet connection. Repressive regimes (like in Russia, Myanmar, and Iran) tend to restrict internet access, or block certain platforms at times of unrest. This can cause a major barrier to the immediacy of the reporting of citizen journalists. It highlights that this type of reporting is not immune to crackdowns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video height=\"1080\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 1920 \/ 1080;\" width=\"1920\" controls src=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2023\/10\/Citizen-Journalism-video-blog.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A critique of my own video post on citizen journalists<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the purpose of this essay, I am going to critique my own video using representation theories as discussed by Aysehan J\u00fclide Etem in <em>Representations of Syrian Refugees in UNICEF\u2019s Media Project<\/em>s (Global Perspectives 1(1), 2020). As Etem writes, how a group or event is represented affects how we perceive that group or event (Said, 1978 in Etem, 2020). As proffered by Etem, my topic of citizen journalism, as with any topic, cannot be communicated absolutely completely \u2013 especially not in a short explainer video. Therefore it will always be divided into manageable aspects (Kidd 2015 in Etem, 2020). It is undoubtable that my choice of how to divide the topic into manageable, communicable parts is influenced by the fact that I am a white woman from the Global North. I didn\u2019t realise this at the time. Additionally, my decision as to which divisions of this topic to include in my video is influenced by my whiteness. Perhaps if I was, for example, a citizen journalist in Myanmar, I would have focused on the many serious dangers of being a citizen journalist in the context of a repressive military regime. Thirdly, as Etem writes, there is power inequality in the method in which an item is communicated. I exercised this power inequality in my video. The language of the video is English and there are no subtitles. A video like this requires a good internet connection to be viewed. Etem\u2019s points make me ask myself who did I really make this video for (apart from my classmates and teachers)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>What I learned from making a video as a blog post<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Though I have made and edited videos before, I have never created the voiceover for a video or made explainer-style segments. I enjoyed the opportunity to hone my editing skills and learning that technologies make it quite easy to add your voice to a video. Though I am able to use Abode Premier Pro, I made this video using Canva which has a really handy feature for recording your own voice over a video segment. Canva does have its limitations and for any more flexibility on editing, I would have had to turn back to Premier Pro, but it\u2019s good to know what simpler technologies can offer too. It was really challenging to decide how deep to dive into the topic and I found that the video could have been 10 minutes or longer and lost the interest of most viewers if I had covered all aspects I initially wanted to cover. A really valuable comment on my video post by user \u2018Phil\u2019 suggests looking into the negative sides of citizen journalism, especially by right-wing thinkers in the Global North.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u201cYes, in authoritarian regimes and in highly restricted media access, like in Syria, Russia, Iran and Myanmar, citizen journalism is often the only way to get \u201cthe truth\u201d out and inform citizens beyond state media. At great personal risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">But in countries with free media landscapes, particularly in the GN, I\u2019m sceptical of citizen journalism, as it\u2019s often politically motivated. In Germany, for example, right-wing vloggers entered the parliament and intimidated politicians on camera. There\u2019s also a very popular German vlogger \u201creporting\u201d in line with Russian state propaganda from occupied territories of Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">I guess there\u2019s both a constructive and destructive side to citizen journalism.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This comment made me want to make another video about citizen journalism in the Global North and I think it would be very interesting to dive into that topic and compare the two contexts. The comment also made me think about the possibility of reframing the title and angle of the video to specifically focus on citizen journalism in countries under authoritarian or repressive rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>What I learned about blogging<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before this exercise, I had honestly thought blogging had gone out of fashion \u2013 as so many things do in the fast-paced world of IT, information sharing and social media. I hadn\u2019t thought so much about the advantages of a platform that allows readers to \u2018deep dive\u2019 into a topic or area of their interest. I had been only thinking of how we now seem to need to shape our information for dissemination in a way that catches people\u2019s attention in a 30-second video while they scroll through hundreds of others on their phone screens (i.e. through TikTok).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reading Denskus &amp; Papun (2013) helped me recognise more of the positive values of blogging \u2013 and I\u2019m particularly interested in the increased accessibility it offers. For example, it is more accessible than an academic book (which would have to be loaned or bought) and a conference (which would have to be travelled to, and a ticket bought for). Regardless of a person\u2019s financial circumstances, location in the world, or academic qualifications, anyone can be a blogger or read a blog. You don\u2019t necessarily need great IT skills, or any special equipment to write, read or engage with a blog. Indeed, blogging doesn\u2019t have the restrictions of an editorial team that would process your content before publishing it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I enjoy the format and style of blogging. It doesn\u2019t have to be too serious or academic, and it offers great flexibility around how you push out the information, whether by text, video, music and sound, etc. For the topic of citizen journalism in crises, I found that short video clips emphasising the points I want to cover in the video were more impactful than paragraphs of text. The sound and visuals can more easily engage the attention of the viewer, and are usually more memorable than written text. Blogging offers a way for the audience to engage with the content, although social media has surely overtaken blogging for its ability to engage and interact with an audience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, as Denskus &amp; Papun (2013) note, blogging is largely a phenomenon of the Global North. Research for their paper \u201cfound few contributions from local aid workers, researchers, and members of the public\u201d who are not based in the Global North. In the sphere of development blogging, the authors found a tendency for blog voices to be coming from an already privileged vantage point such as from those already embedded in the development industry, and those in developed countries, or at least from the most developed urban centres of developing countries. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>What I learned about group work<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I enjoyed working as a group that had such a diverse background and range of skills. It was rewarding to be able to contribute my skills in web design and video editing while leaning on the journalistic and professional and personal experience of my group members to complete our overall task. Group work over different times zones is not without its challenges but ultimately, we as a group produced a more robust blog than if I was to create it on my own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I have used this essay as an opportunity to dive further into the topic I covered in my previously published explainer-style video. I have gained useful insights into the value of blogging, and it\u2019s pros and cons. From critiquing my own video, I know that I will produce something that is more aware of my position of privilege from which I create it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>References:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brough, M., &amp; Li, Z. (2013). <em>Media systems dependency, symbolic power, and human rights online video: Learning from Burma&#8217;s &#8220;saffron revolution&#8221;<\/em> <em>and WITNESS&#8217;s hub.<\/em> International Journal of Communication. 7. 281-304.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Channel 4 News. (2023, October 11). <em>Inside the Gaza siege &#8211; an eyewitness report <\/em>[Video]. Youtube.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PeuNRaNGQr8\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PeuNRaNGQr8<\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Denskus, T., &amp; Papan, A. S. (2013). Reflexive engagements: the international development blogging evolution and its challenges.&nbsp;<em>Development in Practice<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>23<\/em>(4), 455\u2013467. doi:10.1080\/09614524.2013.790940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Etem, A. J. (2020). Representations of Syrian refugees in UNICEF\u2019s media projects: New vulnerabilities in digital humanitarian communication.&nbsp;<em>Global Perspectives<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>1<\/em>(1). doi:10.1525\/gp.2020.12787<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kidd, J. (2015).&nbsp;<em>Representation<\/em>. doi:10.4324\/9781315666785<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Said, Edward. (1978). <em>Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient<\/em>. London: Penguin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wall, M. (2019).&nbsp;<em>Citizen journalism: Practices, propaganda, pedagogy<\/em>. Taylor &amp; Francis Group.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction In this essay, firstly I will take the opportunity to expand on the topic of citizen journalists and the solutions they can offer to challenges in reporting on crises, which I have previously made a four-minute explainer video about for our blog, Creating a Solutions Culture. I\u2019m glad of&#8230;<\/p>\n<p> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/2023\/11\/05\/citizen-journalism-a-deeper-dive-into-the-topic-and-a-critique-of-a-video-blog\/\"><span>Continue reading<\/span><i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":565,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-233","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-internationaldevelopment","category-other"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\r\n<title>Citizen Journalism \u2013 A deeper dive into the topic and a critique of a video blog - Creating a Solutions Culture<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/2023\/11\/05\/citizen-journalism-a-deeper-dive-into-the-topic-and-a-critique-of-a-video-blog\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Citizen Journalism \u2013 A deeper dive into the topic and a critique of a video blog - Creating a Solutions Culture\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Introduction In this essay, firstly I will take the opportunity to expand on the topic of citizen journalists and the solutions they can offer to challenges in reporting on crises, which I have previously made a four-minute explainer video about for our blog, Creating a Solutions Culture. I\u2019m glad of... Continue reading\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/2023\/11\/05\/citizen-journalism-a-deeper-dive-into-the-topic-and-a-critique-of-a-video-blog\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Creating a Solutions Culture\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-11-05T19:09:49+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-11-05T19:09:52+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-05-at-19.04.26-1024x578.png\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Marie\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Marie\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wpmu.mau.se\\\/nmict23group1\\\/2023\\\/11\\\/05\\\/citizen-journalism-a-deeper-dive-into-the-topic-and-a-critique-of-a-video-blog\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wpmu.mau.se\\\/nmict23group1\\\/2023\\\/11\\\/05\\\/citizen-journalism-a-deeper-dive-into-the-topic-and-a-critique-of-a-video-blog\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Marie\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wpmu.mau.se\\\/nmict23group1\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b6321516a47a412ef4f5efe24bc775d6\"},\"headline\":\"Citizen Journalism \u2013 A deeper dive into the topic and a critique of a video blog\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-11-05T19:09:49+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-11-05T19:09:52+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wpmu.mau.se\\\/nmict23group1\\\/2023\\\/11\\\/05\\\/citizen-journalism-a-deeper-dive-into-the-topic-and-a-critique-of-a-video-blog\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2263,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wpmu.mau.se\\\/nmict23group1\\\/2023\\\/11\\\/05\\\/citizen-journalism-a-deeper-dive-into-the-topic-and-a-critique-of-a-video-blog\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wpmu.mau.se\\\/nmict23group1\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/85\\\/2023\\\/11\\\/Screenshot-2023-11-05-at-19.04.26-1024x578.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"International Development\",\"Other\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wpmu.mau.se\\\/nmict23group1\\\/2023\\\/11\\\/05\\\/citizen-journalism-a-deeper-dive-into-the-topic-and-a-critique-of-a-video-blog\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wpmu.mau.se\\\/nmict23group1\\\/2023\\\/11\\\/05\\\/citizen-journalism-a-deeper-dive-into-the-topic-and-a-critique-of-a-video-blog\\\/\",\"name\":\"Citizen Journalism \u2013 A deeper dive into the topic and a critique of a video blog - 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