{"id":961,"date":"2023-11-03T10:38:03","date_gmt":"2023-11-03T09:38:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group7\/?p=961"},"modified":"2023-11-03T13:15:01","modified_gmt":"2023-11-03T12:15:01","slug":"risks-and-opportunities-with-blogging-from-a-journalistic-perspective","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group7\/961\/risks-and-opportunities-with-blogging-from-a-journalistic-perspective\/","title":{"rendered":"Risks and opportunities with blogging and micro-blogging from a journalistic perspective \u2013 Thoughts on blogging, truth, motivation and self-sanitation"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Thoughts on blogging, truth, motivation and self-sanitation<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hi there,\u00a0In this final blog post, I would again like to address the act of blogging for (il)legit activism and\/or development, and put toe to toe with journalism, as I briefly touched upon in my first blog post<\/a>. I will address social media as well, which here should be seen as ways of micro-blogging.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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About blogging and social media for development:<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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With technology spreading opportunities of communication all over the world, ordinary people have new means of broadcasting and can get the potential to reach millions of people at once. We can communicate quickly with people who are not in the same physical space. (Tufekci, Z. 2017) It\u2019s available for all. Both to produce content oneself, and to take part in the content of others, is normally complexly free and accessible if one has a smartphone with an internet connection. This is not the case with all news outlets, so taking part in news from blogs and social media can be an alternative way of taking part of news.<\/p>

Blogs and social media posts (which in turn can be seen as a king od micro-blogposts) are a substantial part of how international development is discussed on the Internet, both for those writing it, and for those reading and commenting it. (Denskus & Papan, 2013, Denskus 2019). Besides, digital technologies and with them social media, can enhance the visibility of a cause and can \u201cassist the break-down of pluralistic ignorance\u201d (Tufekci, Z. 2017: 111), as well as create connectivity for a large group, when the hashtag for a movement is spreading, for example. (Tufekci, Z. 2017)<\/p>

There are several types of blogs within this area, as identified by Denskus & Papan in 2013. These include blogs written by individuals, with or without an organizational affiliation, blogs written by academics, by aid workers, by staff of think tanks and other policy institutions, and blogs written by development students, interns, or non-professionals in training, usually in a developing country context. The possibility for development organizations and professionals to share their work and message on blogging and social media can help in development work and in communication with stakeholders directly, which in turn can have the potential for positive change (Denkus & Papan 2013).<\/p>

An example of this is the blog of Tobias Denskus himself. The blog \u201cAidnography\u201d is used as a teaching tool for his teachings on the master\u2019s program Communication for development at Malm\u00f6 university. In a post from 2019, Denskus writes that development blogging and curating digital content, can be an informal way of \u201cfeaturing new and different authors and their stories, particularly younger writers, journalists, local aid workers or activists from the global South\u201d. It can also help to identify (pop)-cultural trends, improve teaching materials, and highlight persistent power imbalances, to state a few examples.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Blogging\/social media VS journalism and truths VS alternative facts: <\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Digital technologies have helped change the situation for people living in countries where governments extend extensive control and censorship of massmedia, or where journalists are at risk. (Tufekci, Z. 2017): \u201c[B]ecause of the dangers involved in producing and publishing journalism in Latin America, some of the most important \u201cjournalism\u201d has been produced by social organizations, such as indigenous NGOs, that can provide at least some protection for sources publishing critical news\u201d (Mutsvairo, B., Bebawi, S., Borges-Rey, E. 2019: xxii)<\/p>

Blogging and social media have become crucial for development organizations across the world. It is used for communicating their work, and raising money for their organization.\u00a0 Now, as mentioned, the blogs and social media accounts of NGO\u2019s and other institutions, can be an alternative way of journalism in countries where the journalistic work is threatened. However, it is important to remember that these are not journalists.<\/p>

In Sweden, there is a journalistic, ethical framework which is self-sanitary. Journalist news outlets choose to enter this framework, so that they can get reported if they report falsely or don\u2019t respect someone\u2019s integrity, for example. (Stenholm, 2003) A recent example shows Hallands Nyheter being condemned for an article about a young woman being raped. The decision states that the article could be interpreted as being in favor of the rapists, quoting his hearings a lot and pointing to the uncertainty of what actually had happened. (De Vivo, 2023)<\/p>

On social media, one could post as insinuating texts about this as one would like. If I were to blog about this happening, or talk about it on social media, I could get angry comments and responses from my followers, but that\u2019s about it. If I were an influencer, perhaps companies would cancel our cooperation, and I would lose income \u2013 but I would need to make a big faux pas for that to happen. It could then be argued that my motivation for being somewhat ethical was merely financial, and not coming from a moral standard.<\/p>

And even though development bloggers (within the scope of different blogs mentioned by Denskus above) can claim to write and post with a journalistic framework in mind, this is without the journalist self-sanitary system, which can get problematic. Especially when those bloggers are from NGOs or other organizations who are in need of donations.<\/p>

Take the example of an examination made by Swedish journalists on the show \u201cKalla Fakta\u201d (translated: Cold Facts). They found people who had been interviewed by UNHCR, and who later became poster people for campaigns to raise money for the organization \u2013 without these people knowing or having given their consent. Even worse: Afterwards, UNHCR tried to save face by discrediting the news that were published in the show. Kalla Fakta could though easily prove how their stories were correct, since they had followed the journalistic way of work and checking sources. (Kalla Fakta, 2023)<\/p>

Another example is the Syrian refugee campaign by UNICEF. Etem (2020) shows, in a truly eye opening paper, how UNICEF, in cooperation with an advertising agency, slightly manipulated the stories of children refugees, to make them more, shall we say moving, to their audiences. Etem shows how UNICEF and other institutional agents have control over Syrian refugee children’s narrated memories, and how these children\u2019s stories fell under the authority of the production crew. The fabricators in turn would eliminate some parts of the story, exaggerate or even fabricate parts of it. This, as Etem states, shows how institutional agents have strategic communication goals that in this case shifted from serving Syrian refugees, to increasing social media metrics and international prestige. If I, as a journalist, did this \u2013 I would get reported. But again: I would have no motivation for altering the story, since my sole goal is to tell the true story, with all its complexities.<\/p>

However another interesting point is that journalistic news outlets could be argued as one of these institutional agents who control the story of these Syrian refugee children, and personal blogs and social media accounts as a way of changing these perspectives in line with what Denskus (2019) argued. But those issues would need a blog post of their own.<\/p>

These are two examples of organizations which can claim to make a journalistic-esk kind of work on their social media channels, but with an agenda. For a journalist, the agenda is simple: Tell the truth, as impartial and fairly as possible. I saw a quote once, regarding being a journalist: \u201cIf someone says it\u2019s raining outside, and someone else says it\u2019s not, your job is not to quote them both. Your job is to look out the bloody window and see if it\u2019s raining or not.\u201d Unfortunately, I do not know the source of the quote, but it has stuck with me.<\/p>

For these organizations, the agenda is a bit different: Awaken feelings for the people reading the posts, make them engage, and: make them donate. This comes with the risk of manipulating the material, ever so slightly, in a way that a journalist would not.<\/p>

The responsibility of the journalist is to say the truth, or as close to the truth we can get. Social media channels who share news and discuss them, do not have the same responsibility. We could claim that they do, but there are no real repercussions if they simply \u2013 lie. I believe we can see the results of this repercussion-free lying within journalism as well. Politicians lie widely in public service channels, without the journalist questioning the facts of what they are saying, as a recent interview in Swedish public service showed, where the lies of the politician being interviewed were so intricate that the journalist fumbled with his questions. (Ahlst\u00f6m, 2023) I see this as a result of the notion of truth being more and more loose.<\/p>

We need then, address what Scott, Writch and Bunce (2023) calls \u201chumanitarian journalists\u201d, who are seen as activists by some and therefore are sometimes discredited by traditional news outlets. Briefly these can be defined as journalists who work in the borderlands between journalism and activism, and who focus their reporting on humanitarian issues. Scott, Writch and Bunce (2023) claims that these humanitarian journalists (as well as humanitarian news outlets) are important when it comes to covering under-reported crises, i.e. humanitarian crises that most news outlets tend to ignore. Their way of tending to marginalized voices, can widen the perspectives given in news outlets. Much as Denskus (Denskus & Papan, 2013, Denskus 2019) argues that blogs can.<\/p>

I believe that there are no completely objective ways to be a journalist \u2013 since we are all subjects with different experiences and cores of value. Every angle, every yes or no to a story, every quote cut, is a result of this, combined with current norms within the industry. Humanitarian journalists are simply more focused on other subjects. Scott, Writch and Bunce (2023) addresses this, too. The subjects of their study did not question the notion of impartiality, likely because it is central to both journalist and humanitarian fields. However, they address the fact that these norms have been critiqued for \u201cconstructing a false equivalence between different perspectives in situations of gross injustice [\u2026] and of helping to mask the influence of journalists’ own implicit world views.\u201d (Scott, Writch and Bunce 2023: 114).<\/p>

These days, the importance of being impartial as a journalist has become crucial \u2013 so much so that it sometimes borders on absurd \u2013 speakers of the war in Gaza get disinvited to public service-programs, simply because they discussed the conflict on their social media-accounts (K\u00e4ll\u00e9n, 2023). However, perhaps it is necessary \u2013 due to the many, shall we call them manipulated truths, des- and misinformation on social media channels and fake news outlets.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Image source: rboa.com.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Blogs\/social media and journalism \u2013 completing one another<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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I believe that the Swedish social media account TNKVRT (which I would categorize as a microblog by one or several persons not connected to an international organization, according to the types stated by Denskus above), as a reliable news source, although the personal reflections of the people having the account are clear. The account posts about recent events, and discusses them. At the end of each image text, there is a link to where the news is from. In this account, it is clear for the follower what is the actual news, and what are the opinions of the people behind the account \u2013 the distinction is being made clear, much as in a newspaper where the distinction between a news article and a personally written opinion is made clear. But please note: In order for this social media account to be credible in this way, the sources they refer to, are always legitimate news sources, such as Swedish newspapers or TV channels. I am sure most development bloggers and accounts work in the same way, but if they do not, if they start manipulating the truth ever so slightly \u2013 how would I know? It is interesting that these kinds of blogs and accounts still need to link to newspaper articles to remain credible.<\/p>

Perhaps this is the way that development blogs and social media accounts work best together with journalism. As a symbiotic relationship, where journalistic credibility and self-sanitation is paired with the new perspectives of the blogs that perhaps would not get highlighted in traditional news outlets. The blogs can then try to stay credible, using journalistic sources to do so. And in countries where even the credibility of journalistic news outlets is threatened, blogs and social media can provide an alternative news source. Although they could never be as trusted as a free journalistic news outlet within an ethical self-sanitary system, they can provide a fresh perspective and perhaps dare to write about the things that the news outlets in those countries can\u2019t.<\/p>

However, risks will arise with the blogging and microblogging with financial motivation, such as of NGOs or other organizations in need of raising money or engagement for their cause. It\u2019s self-explanatory that this kind of motivation easily can lead to the manipulation of \u201ctruth\u201d or someone\u2019s personal story, to reach their goal \u2013 since the goal is not the truth itself. Perhaps for these kinds of organizations, a self-sanitary system, such as the one for journalists, would be needed so that the integrity of the people they portray is properly respected.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Being on a blog myself \u2013 what did I learn?<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The first thing that happened to me when I learned that we were writing a blog, was that I instantly became critical of the blog as a medium. I have discussed the problems of communication without an ethical framework (that is controlled by an impartial auditor) \u2013 but I am not sure I would have reflected so strongly on this, were it not for the assignment of writing a blog myself. On the other hand I have become more humble as well. It is easy for me to make these comparisons, being a journalist in Sweden, where the safety for journalists is somewhat strong and the journalism is considered free. Writing and reading about these issues, I also realized that even though there is a credibility-issue, blogs and social media can be crucial in states where journalism is threatened. They can also help to find other perspectives and highlight causes that are perhaps ignored by journalists.<\/p>

On a more technical note: Making this blog, we, as a group, needed to corporate in how we wanted to present to blog and its contents. One of the group members, Stefan, took a great responsibility in the designing of our blog. Listening to him reason about how the blog could look and why, taught me a lot about UX-thinking in these manners and how design can be used as a way of enhancing the content. I work with this myself, as a web editor and journalist I work with combing image and text to make the article as enticing as possible and to enhance what the article is about, but creating it from scratch as we did with this blog was a great learning experience.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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References<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ahlstr\u00f6m, Kristofer 2023: Kristofer Ahlstr\u00f6m: \u201dD\u00e4rf\u00f6r \u00e4r SR d\u00f6mt att misslyckas i intervjun med Elsa Widding\u201d Dagens Nyheter (https:\/\/www.dn.se\/kultur\/kristofer-ahlstrom-darfor-ar-sr-domda-att-misslyckas-i-intervjun-med-elsa-widding\/<\/a>)<\/p>

Denskus, T. & Papan, A. 2013: Reflexive engagements: the international development blogging evolution and its challenges<\/a>, Development in Practice 23:4, 435-447.<\/p>

Denskus, Tobias 2019: B\u201dlogging and curating content as strategies to diversify discussions and communicate development differently\u201d\u00a0 Aidnography (https:\/\/aidnography.blogspot.com\/2019\/12\/blogging-curating-globaldev-content-diversify-communicate-development-differently.html<\/a>)<\/p>

De Vivo, Lucas 2023: \u201dMEN: Hallandspostens v\u00e5ldt\u00e4ktsartikel br\u00f6t grovt mot pressetiken\u201d Journalisten (https:\/\/www.journalisten.se\/nyheter\/men-hallandspostens-valdtaktsartikel-brot-grovt-mot-pressetiken<\/a>)<\/p>

Etem, A.J. 2020: Representations of Syrian Refugees in UNICEF\u2019s Media Projects: New Vulnerabilities in Digital Humanitarian Communication.<\/a>, Global Perspectives 1:1.<\/p>

Kalla Fakta 2023: \u201cUkrainakrigets offer blev lockbeten i UNHCR:s reklam\u201d\u00a0https:\/\/www.tv4.se\/artikel\/1ilsDNAQD63hEyhJIX7X9X\/ukrainakrigets-offer-blev-lockbeten-i-unhcr-s-reklam<\/a><\/p>

Kalla Fakta 2023: \u201d UNHCR sprider felaktig information om Kalla faktas publicering\u201d\u00a0 (https:\/\/www.tv4.se\/artikel\/2xwNFtwaOK3OGGLLGAONUg\/unhcr-sprider-felaktig-information-om-kalla-faktas-publicering<\/a>)<\/p>

K\u00e4ll\u00e9n, Matilda 2023: \u201d Filip Dikmen st\u00e4ngs av fr\u00e5n \u201dMusikhj\u00e4lpen\u201d: \u201dVerkar handla om att jag sagt f\u00f6r mycket\u201d\u201d Dagens Nyheter (https:\/\/www.dn.se\/kultur\/filip-dikmen-stangs-av-fran-musikhjalpen-verkar-handla-om-att-jag-sagt-for-mycket\/<\/a>)<\/p>

Mutsvairo, B., Bebawi, S., Borges-Rey, E. 2019: Data Journalism in the Global South<\/a><\/p>

Scott, Martin, Writch, Kate & Bunce, Mel 2023: \u201cHumanitarian Journalists \u2013 Covering Crises from a Boundy Zone\u201d (Routledge)<\/p>

Stenholm, Olle 2003: \u201dEtik f\u00f6r Journalister\u201d\u00a0 (https:\/\/medieombudsmannen.se\/beslut\/etik-foer-journalister\/<\/a>)<\/p>

TNKVRT, Instagram account (https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/tnkvrt\/<\/a>)<\/p>

Tufekci, Z. 2017: Twitter and Tear Gas-The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest<\/a> Download Twitter and Tear Gas-The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest<\/a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.<\/p>

Unwin, T. 2017: Reclaiming Information & Communication Technologies for Development<\/a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Visuals by rboa.com.<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hi there,\u00a0In this final blog post, I would again like to address the act of blogging for (il)legit activism and\/or development, and put toe to toe with journalism, as I briefly touched upon in my first blog post. I will address social media as well, which here should be seen as ways of micro-blogging.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":593,"featured_media":1246,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,10,7],"tags":[30,18,19],"class_list":["post-961","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-activism","category-communication","category-final","tag-blogging","tag-ethics","tag-journalism"],"yoast_head":"\r\nRisks and opportunities with blogging and micro-blogging from a journalistic perspective \u2013 Thoughts on blogging, truth, motivation and self-sanitation - The Illegit Activism Blog<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wpmu.mau.se\/nmict23group7\/961\/risks-and-opportunities-with-blogging-from-a-journalistic-perspective\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Risks and opportunities with blogging and micro-blogging from a journalistic perspective \u2013 Thoughts on blogging, truth, motivation and self-sanitation - The Illegit Activism Blog\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hi there,\u00a0In this final blog post, I would again like to address the act of blogging for (il)legit activism and\/or development, and put toe to toe with journalism, as I briefly touched upon in my first blog post. 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